Urinary Bladder and Peritoneal Relationships of.docx

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UrinaryBladderandPeritonealRelationshipsof

2.UrinaryBladderandPeritonealRelationshipsoftheGenitalOrgans

Inthemaledogontherightsideofthebodythescrotum（seeclinical-functionalanatomy）iscut,paralleltotheraphescrotiwithattentiontothetunica

dartos.Thesmoothmusculatureofthetunicadartosisalsopresentinthescrotalseptum,whichseparatesthetwovaginaltunicswiththeirenclosed

testes.Theperitonealvaginaltunicincludingthelaterallyadjacent（external）cremastermuscleandsurroundingexternalspermaticfasciaaswellasthe

internalspermaticfasciaisloosenedfromthescrotumand,byalongitudinalsection,openeduptothevaginalring.Thebitchistreatedsimilarly,insofar

asavaginalprocessispresent.

TheURINARYBLADDER（seealsop.62andtext-illustration）hasacranial

apex（Vertex）,acentralbody（Corpusvesicae）andacaudalneck（Cervix

vesicae）.Dorsally,attheneckofthebladder,theureters,converging,tra-

versethewallobliquely.Theyliejustdeeptothemucosaandcreateinter-

nallyamoderateswelling,theureteralcolumns（Columnaeuretericae）,

thatcanbetracedcaudallytotheopeningofeachureter（Ostiumureteris）

intothebladder.Ureteralfoldscontinuecaudallyfromtheopenings,unit-

ingatthetransitionoftheurinarybladdertotheurethra,theinternalure-

thralostium.Itisherethattheureteralfoldsarecontinuedasthemedian

dorsalurethralcrestthat,inmaledogs,extendstotheseminalcolliculus

and,inthebitch,totheendoftheurethra.

Thebloodsupplyoftheurinarybladderischieflyfromthecaudalvesical

artery,whichoriginatesfromtheprostaticor,respectively,vaginalartery

andrunsfromthepelviccavitytotheurinarybladder.Thetotalvenous

drainagepassestothecaudalvesicalvein（seealsop.71）.

Thelymphvesselspasstothesacrallymphnodes.

Theautonomicinnervationisfromthepelvicplexus.Withinthewallofthe

urinarybladderintramuralnerveplexusescontainingganglioncellsregu-

latethecontractionofthemuscularwall.

b）ThePERITONEALFOLDSoftheinternalgenitalorgansofthefemaledogare

subdividedintomesovarium（proximalanddistal）,mesosalpinxandmeso-

metriumandgonadalligaments.Mesovarium,mesosalpinxandmesometri-

umcollectivelyarenamedthebroadligamentoftheuterus（Lig.latumuteri）.

I.Themesovarium（6）conductstheovarianarteryandveintotheovary.

Neartheovary,themesosalpinx（9）splitsofflaterally,thepointofitsori-

gindefiningasubdivisionofthemesovariumintoalongproximalmeso-

varium（7）andashortdistalmesovarium（8）theepithelium（mesothelium）

ofwhichiscontinuedontotheovaryasasurfaceepithelium（germinal

epithelium）.Betweenthetwolamellaeofthemesosalpinxthereislateralto

theovarythethinterminalportion,andmedialtotheovarythethickerini-

tialportion,oftheuterinetube,whichcoursesinanarcaroundtheovary.

Theshortdistalmesovariumwiththesuspendedovaryandthelongmesos-

alpinxformtogetherthewalloftheovarianbursa（10）.Thebursaexhibits

atthefreedistalborderofthemesosalpinxmediallytheostiumoftheovar-

ianbursa（11）andlaterallyafat-freeplace（‘window’）throughwhichthe

ovarycanbeseen（seep.67）.Caudally,themesovariumiscontinuouswith

themesometrium（4）.Itsattachmenttotheuterus,parametrium（12）,

investswithitstwolamellaetheuterinearteryandveinandcontinuesas

perimetrium（13）upontheuterinesurface.

II.Thegonadalligamentsofthebitch（seealsop.67）arethesuspensoryliga-

mentoftheovary,theproperligamentoftheovaryandtheroundligamentof

theuterus.Thesuspensoryligmentoftheovary

（1）isthecranialgubernacu-

lumthat,lateraltothekidney,passesfromthelastribattheattachmentofthe

diaphragmtotheovary.Thecaudalgubernaculum（Lig.inguinaleovarii）fol-

lowscaudallyfromthesuspensoryligament.Atthejunctionoftheuterinetube

withthehornoftheuterus,itissubdividedintotheproperligamentofthe

ovary

（2）,whichextendsbetweentheovaryandtheterminationoftheuterine

tube,andtheroundligamentoftheuterus（Lig.teresuteri,—3）thatfollowsthe

properligament.Theroundligamentisfixedlaterallytothemesometriumand

passesthroughthevaginalring（5）uptotheendofthevaginalprocessofthe

peritoneum.Evenwhenthevaginalprocessisabsent,whichoccursinabout

25%ofthebitchesononeorbothsidesofthebody,theconnectivetissuepor-

tionoftheroundligamentoftheuteruspasseswithoutperitonealcoverage

throughtheinguinalspaceandmayreachthepubicregion.

Asonlyaslightovariandescensushastakenplace,theovariesarefound

nearthelocationoftheirdevelopment,andtheperitonealfoldsthat

approachtheovaryfromcranialandcaudalremainintactduringontoge-

nesisandarenotobliterated.

III.Theperitonealfoldsoftheinternalgenitalorgansofthemaledogare

themesorchium（proximalanddistal）,mesoductusdeferens,mesofunicu-

lusandmesepididymis.Theproximalmesorchium（15）isfoundintheperi-

tonealcavityasthevascularfold（Plicavasculosa）containingthetesticular

vessels.Itpassesthroughthevaginalring（5）intothevaginalprocessofthe

peritoneum.Here,inthevaginalcanal,theproximalmesorchiumisunited

withthemesoductusdeferens（orfoldofthedeferentduct—Plicaductus

deferentis,—24）,bothproceedingfromthatpartofthemesorchium,the

mesofuniculus（23）,thatiscontinuouswiththeparietalvaginaltunic（the

parietalvaginaltunicisdesignatedperifuniculusinthefigure）.Thevaginal

canalandthevaginalcavitythatfollowscaudallyhave（comparabletothe

peritonealcavity）aparietalvaginaltunic（Tunicavaginalisparietalis,—22

and25;designatedperiorchiumandperifuniculusinthefigure）,from

whichtheperitoneallamellaecontainingthetesticularvesselsandnerves

andtheductusdeferens（MesorchiumandMesoductus,respectively）fold

off,andavisceralvaginaltunic（Tunicavaginalisvisceralis,—21;desig-

natedepiorchiuminthefigure）thatformsathinserouscoveringuponthe

testisandepididymis.

Themesofuniculusisthatpartofthemesorchiumthatisbetweentheorigin

ofthemesorchiumfromtheparietalvaginaltunicandtheoriginofthe

mesoductusfromthemedialsideofthemesorchium（seep.65）.

Thespermaticcord（Funiculusspermaticus）consistsofsevenstructures:

tes-

ticularartery,testicularvein,autonomicnerveplexusandtesticularlymph

vessels,deferentductwithdeferentarteryandvein,—a–gandtheirperi-

tonealcoverings,themesorchiumandmesoductus.Closetothetesticle,atthe

lateraloriginoftheshortmesepididymis（18）,thelongproximalmesorchium

iscontinuedbythedistalmesorchium（19）.Betweenthesetwoperitoneal

folds,thetesticularbursa（orepididymalsinus,—20）isfound.Theopening

intothebursaislateral.

IV.Thegonadalligamentsofthemaledogaresubdividedintothecranial

andcaudalgubernaculum.Thecranialgubernaculum（suspensoryliga-

mentofthetestis,—14）ismoreorlesscompletelyreduced.Shoulditoccur,

itextendslaterallyfromtheproximalmesorchiumandcanbefollowedlat-

eraltothekidneyextendingtowardthediaphragm.Thecaudalguberna-

culum（Lig.inguinaletestis）issubdividedbytheepididymis;thatistosay,

theproperligamentofthetestis（16）coursesbetweenthetesticleandthe

tailoftheepididymis,andtheligamentofthetailoftheepididymis（17）is

thebandthat,ifdistinct,extendswiththescrotalligamentasacontinuous

cordfromthetailtothedermislayerofthescrotalskin.Thefundusofthe

vaginaltunicisattachedtotheinternalscrotalsurfacebytheextraperi-

tonealportionofthecaudalgubernaculumandsubcutaneousconnective

tissue.Inthedog,thecaudalendofthetailoftheepididymisisuncovered

byperitoneumandtheconnectivetissuejoiningittothedermisofthescro-

talskinisusuallypoorlydefined.Theconnectivetissuehereconstitutes

boththeligamentofthetailoftheepididymisandthescrotalligament.

4.MaleGenitalOrgans,LymphaticSystemoftheLumbarandPelvicRegions

Inthemaledogthetesticleiscutintohalves.Theurinarybladderandtheurethraareopenedbyaventromediansection.Theerectilebodieswillbestud-

iedbymakingcross-sectionsofthepenisattheleveloftheroot,bodyandglans

Thegenitalorgansofthemaledogare,likethoseofthebitch,subdivided

intointernalandexternalgenitalorgans.Theaccessorysexglandsbelong

totheinternalgenitalorgans.

a）Followingthedescentofthetestisintothescrotum,theINTERNALGENI-

TALORGANSarethetestes,whicharethegermcellformingorgans（gonad:

testis）andtheorgansthatconductthegermcelltotheurethra（epididymis

anddeferentduct）.

I.Thetesticle（TestisorOrchis,—1）liesinthescrotalcavity.Itisinvested

byafirmtunicaalbugineafromwhichconnectivetissueseptaradiateinter-

nally,joiningtogetherinthecenterofthetestistoformthemediastinum

testis.Betweenthesesepta,withinthelobulesofthetestis,aretheandrogen

producinginterstitialorLEYDIG’Scells,andtheconvolutedseminiferous

tubules（Tubuliseminifericonvoluti）thatarecontinuedbythestraight

seminiferoustubules（Tubuliseminiferirecti）intotheretetestis,atubular

networkwithinthemediastinumtestis.Theretetestisconnectsto12–16

efferentductulesandbythesetotheepididymis（seeclinical–functional

anatomy）.

II.Theepididymisisdividedintothethickenedheadoftheepididymis（16）,

whichistheplacewheretheefferentductulesunitetoformthesingleepi-