Unit2Culture课文翻译大学体验英语四.docx
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Unit2Culture课文翻译大学体验英语四
Unit-2-Culture课文翻译大学体验英语四
Unit2Culture
PassageAWhyDigitalCultureIsGoodforYou?
Thenewsmedia,alongwithsocialandbehavioralscientists,haverecentlysentoutamultitudeofwarningsaboutthemanydangersthatawaitusoutthereincyberspace.ThetruthofthematteristhattheWebisnomoreinherentlydangerousthananythingelseintheworld.Itisnotsomeamorphousentitycapableofinflictingharmfuloutcomesonallwhoenter.Infact,inandofitself,theWebisfairlyharmless.Ithasnospecialpowertoovertakeitsusersandaltertheirveryexistence.Liketheoldtalethatthevampirecannotharmyouunlessyouinviteittocrossyourthreshold,theInternetcannotcorruptwithoutbeinginvited.And,withtheexceptionofchildrenandtheweak-willed,itcannotcreatewhatdoesnotalreadyexist...
(1)Likealcohol,theWebsimplymagnifieswhatisalreadythere:
ExpertsareconcernedthatthemaskingthatgoesononlineposesadangerforeveryonewhoisapartoftheDigitalCulture.Beforeweknowit,theexpertstellus,wewillallusefakeidentities,becomefragmented,andwillnolongerbesureofjustwhoweare.Wrong.Theonlypeoplewhofeelcompelledtomask,andotherwisemisrepresentthemselvesonlinearethesamepeoplewhoaremysteriousandunfrankin"reallife"...theNetjustgivesthemonemoretooltopracticetheirdeceit.
Asfortherestofus,gettingtakeninbythesepeopleisalowprobability.Weknowwhothesefolksareinthe"realworld".TheInternetdoesnot"cause"peopletodisguiseassomethingtheyarenot.AsfortheDigitalCulturegettingcheatedbythesedishonestfolks,well,therearejustasmany"cues"onlinetodecipherdeceptionasthereareinthe"realworld".ThecompetentWebHeadcanrecognizemanyredflagsgivenoffbytheonlinebehaviorofothers.Oftentimestheintentionsoffellowusersiscrystalclear,especiallyovertime.
Whensomeoneistryingtodeceiveusonline,inconsistencies,theessencethattheyaretrying"toohard"orarejustplainunbelievable,oftencomethroughloudandclear.Likewise,justlikeinthe"realworld",ahostofotherunacceptabletendenciescanbereadilyrecognizedonline.Narcissism(it'sallabout"meeeee"),thosepeoplewhohavenothingbutnegativityorunpleasantthingstosayaboutothers,andthosewhofeelcompelledtoundermineothersandwhothinktheymustblowouttheotherguys'candlesinorderfortheirowntoshinecanbespottedacybermileaway.
(2)TheWebcanbringoutthebestinpeople:
Gregarious,frankfolksin"reallife"usuallycarrythesesametraitsovertotheironlinelife.Mostarejustasfun-lovingonlineifnotmoreso,astheyareataparty,atwork,oratthelocalbar.Thoughadmittedly,somearenotquiteasmuchfuntobearoundwithoutastiffdrink.
Shyfolkshavea"safer"environmentonlinethaninthe"realworld"andcanlearntoexpressthemselvesmorefreelyontheNet(you'veneverseenanyonestutterone-mail,haveyou?
)allowingthemtogainconfidenceandcommunicationskillsthatcaneventuallyspilloverintootheraspectsoftheirlives.Helpfulpeoplein"reallife"areoftenjustaswillingtocometosomeone'sassistanceonlineasanywhereelse.
(3)PeoplearejudgeddifferentlyontheWeb:
OntheInternetpeoplearejudgedbytheirpersonality,beliefsandonlineactions,NOTbytheirphysicalappearance.Thisisgood.Itnotonlygivesuglyfolksanaid,butcausesBeautifulPeopletohavetosaysomethingworthlisteningtoinordertogetattention.
(4)Peopleopenupmore:
ManypeopleareopeningupawholelotmorethesedayssincetheyarenotrequiredtousetheirrealnameandprovidetheirrealidentityintheInternet.
(5)We'reconnected:
MembersoftheDigitalCultureknowfullwellthatthereisawealthofimportantinformationandlife-changingopportunitiesoutthereincyberspace.TheWebhasopeneddoorsformanyofusthatotherwisewouldneverhavebeenanoption.Researchpossibilitiesandnetworkingarejusttwosuchopportunities.
(6)WeLearnthePowerofWordsandtobeBetterListeners:
Withnofacialexpressions,bodylanguage,orphysicalappearancetodistractus,membersoftheDigitalCulturehavelearnedthepowerofwords...boththeirown,andothers'.Weknowverywellhowasimplestringofwordscanharm,hurtandoffend,orhowtheycanofferhumor,help,supportandencouragement.Mostexperiencedmembersoftheonlineculturehavelearnedtobecomewordsmiths,carefullycraftingthewordstheyusetoconveyexactlywhattheymeansoasnottobemisunderstood.
ManyofushavealsolearnedtobecomefarbetterlistenersthankstotheInternet.Notonlydowechooseourwordsmorecarefullybutwe(especiallythosewhocommunicateviaemailasopposedtochatrooms)areforcedtowaituntiltheotherpersonfinishesbeforewecanspeakorrespond.
A为什么数字文化对你有好处?
最近,新闻媒体以及社会学家和行为学家们都发出大量警告指出:
网络空间危险重重。
其实,万维网与世界上其它任何事物一样并非天然地有害。
它并非某种看不见摸不着的实体,能使危险降临进入它的每一个人。
实际上,网络就其本身而言是相当无害的,它没有超越其使用者并改变他们的存在的特殊功能。
正如古老的传说指出的一样,吸血鬼不请不会自入家门来伤害你,互联网也不会不请自来地使你堕落。
除孩子和意志薄弱者外,它不可能造成本来就不存在的东西…
(1)如同酒精的作用一样,网络仅仅是将已有的事物放大:
专家们担心,网上盛行的隐藏装假对参与数字文化的人来说是危险的。
他们告诉我们,我们不知不觉地全都会使用假身份,一个个变得残缺不全面目全非,以至于连自己都不敢肯定自己究竟是谁。
全错。
只有那些在“现实生活”中表现得诡秘莫测,毫不坦诚的人,才感到被迫要在网上伪装自己并用其它方法提供虚假情况。
网络只不过为他们增添了一种实施欺骗的工具。
因为我们了解现实生活中的这些人,所以被这些人欺骗的可能性很小。
因特网并不会“引起”人们去装扮成另一些人。
至于数字文化中人被这些不诚实的家伙欺骗的问题,就如同“现实”生活中一样,网上同样有许多“信号”会揭露他们的骗术。
有水平的网迷能识别在线人行为所发出的很多危险信号。
尤其是经过一段时间之后,别的用户的意图常常是非常清楚的。
有人试图在网上欺骗我们时,常常会明白无误地表现为自我矛盾,这是力求取信而过分涂抹,甚至说话虚假、令人难信的必然迹象。
同样,与在“现实世界”中一样,许多其它令人讨厌的倾向在网上也都能很容易地识别出来。
孤芳自赏(一切围绕“我我我”)在网络上也老远就会被发现,因为他们都是些只说别人反话或坏话的人,认为只有吹灭他人的蜡烛自己才能闪光的人。
(2)网络能让人展现其最好的一面:
“现实生活”中爱好交往和直率的人在网上也会展现相同的个性。
多数人网上和网下都一样爱找乐趣,即使不是有过之而无不及,也与他们平时在聚会上、在工作中和在当地的酒吧里一样喜欢寻找乐趣。
然而无可否认,有些人没有烈性酒作伴,你和他们在一起就不会那么欢乐。
害羞的人在网上比在“现实世界”中会得到更为“安全的”环境,并且在网上能学会更自由地表达自己(你从未见到过有人会在电子邮件上结结巴巴地说话,对吗),网络会使他们增强信心,获得交际技能,而这些又最终会扩大到他们生活的其它方面。
现实生活中喜欢帮助他人的人常常在网上也愿意尽力帮助他人。
(3)网上评价人的方式不同:
在互联网上,对人的评价是看他们的个性、信念和网上行为,而不是看他们的外表长相。
这很好,因为它不仅会给其貌不扬的人机会,也会使长相漂亮的人必须要说话值得一听才会引起别人注意。
(4)人们更加坦率:
由于在互联网上不必使用真名并提供真实身份,许多人近日来更加坦诚,畅吐心曲。
(5)我们联到一起了:
参与数字文化的人都非常了解,网上有大量重要信息,并能提供许多改变他们生活的机遇。
网络为我们中间的许多人打开了许多大门,这种选择是他们在其它面所不能得到的。
从事研究的可能和上网与人联系就是两个这样的机会。
(6)我们懂得了语言的威力并学会了更善于倾听:
没有面部表情、身体语言或外表长相的干扰,数字文化的成员已学会了词语的威力…,包括他们自己的和他人的词语。
我们透彻地懂得将词语简单地组合起来就能损害、伤害和冒犯他人,也可以表现幽默和提供帮助、支持和鼓励。
多数富有经验的网络成员已经修炼成为语言大师,他们慎重地措词,准确地表达自己的意思以避免被人误解。
由于互联网的缘故,我们中的许多人已经学会更好地倾听。
我们不但要更慎重地斟词酌句,我们(尤其是那些通过电子邮件而不是聊天室交流的人)还必须等待,等待他人结束后我们才能说话或者回答。
PassageBCulturalDifferences
In1993,IhadmyfirstopportunitytovisitRussiaasarepresentativeoftheUniversityofCalifornia.Iwastheretoprovidesometechnicalassistanceintheareaofagriculturallabormanagement."Russiansareaverypolitepeople,"Ihadbeentutoredbeforemyarrival.Oneofmyinterpreters,onceIwasthere,explainedthatagentlemanshouldpourthelimonad(atypeofjuice)fortheladiesandshowothercourtesiestothem.
Towardtheendofmythree-weektripIwasinvitedbymyyoungRussianhostandfriendDmitriIvanovichandhislovelywifeYielenaouttodinner.AttheendofawonderfulmealYielenaaskedifIwouldlikeabanana.Ipolitelydeclinedandthankedher,andexplainedIwasmostsatisfiedwiththemeal.Butthewholewhilemymindwasracing:
"WhatdoIdo?
DoIofferherabananaeventhoughtheyareasclosetoherastheyaretome?
Whatisthepolitethingtodo?
"
"Wouldyoulikeabanana?
"IaskedYielena.
"Yes,"shesmiled,butmadenoattempttotakeanyofthethreebananasinthefruitbasket."Whatnow?
"Ithought.
"Whichonewouldyoulike?
"Ifumbled.
"Thatone,"shepointedatoneofthebananas.SoallthewhilethinkingaboutRussianpolitenessIpickedthebananaYielenahadpointedatandpeeledithalfwayandhandedittoher.SmilesinYielenaandDmitri'sfacestoldmeIhaddonetherightthing.AfterthisexperienceIspentmuchtimelettingtheworldknowthatinRussia,thepolitethingistopeelthebananasfortheladies.SometimeduringmythirdtripIwaspolitelydisabusedofmynotion.
"Ohno,GrigoriiDavidovich,"aRussiangraciouslycorrectedme."InRussia,whenamanpeelsabananaforaladyitmeanshehasaromanticinterestinher."HowembarrassedIfelt.AndhereIhadbeenproudlytellingeveryoneaboutthistidbitofculturalunderstanding.
Certainlessonshavetobelearnedthehardway.Somewellmeaningarticlesandpresentationsonculturaldifferenceshaveapotentialtodomoreharmthangoodandmaynotbeasamusing.Theypresent,likemybananas,toomanygeneralizationsorquiteadistortedview.
Someoften-heardgeneralizationsabouttheHispaniccultureinclude:
Hispanics1needlesspersonalspace,makelesseyecontact,toucheachothermoreinnormalconversation,andarelesslikelytoparticipateinameeting.Generalizationsareoftendangerous,andespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyrecommendationssuchas:
movecloserwhentalkingtoHispanics,makemorephysicalcontact,don'texpectparticipation,andsoon.
Differencesbetweenpeoplewithinanygivennationorculturearemuchgreaterthandifferencesbetweengroups.Education,socialstanding,religion,personality,beliefstructure,pastexperience,affectionshowninthehome,andamyriadofotherfactorswillaffecthumanbehaviorandculture.
Suretherearedifferencesinapproachastowhatisconsideredpoliteandappropriatebehaviorbothonandoffthejob.Insomecultures"yes"means,"Ihearyou"morethan"Iagree."Lengthofpleasantriesandgreetingsbeforegettingdowntobusiness,leveloftoleranceforbeingaroundsomeonespeakingaforeign(not-understood)language,politenessmeasuredintermsofgallantryoretiquette(e.g.,standingupforawomanwhoapproachesatable,yiel