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4pptConvertor

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)

中国人民大学出版社

UnitFour

TheManWhoDiscoveredMotherNature

1.Text

2.Exercise

3.SupplementaryReading

TheManWhoDiscoveredMotherNature

JamesLovelock's①boldnewtheory

mayforeverchangethewaywe

lookatlifeonourplanet

 

LowellPonte

peacock△n.alargebird,whichhaslongtailfeathers孔雀

strut△vi.(usu.derog)towalkproudlyandstiffly,esp.withthechestpushedforwardsandtryingtolookimportant大摇大摆地走,架子十足地走

[1]AMIDGREENROLLINGHILLSinsouthwestEngland,themud-and-strawcottageseemsunchangedsinceShakespeare's①time.Peacocks*strut*inthesurroundingmeadow.

Butanewadjoining*buildinghousesalaboratoryfilledwithcomputers,chromatographs*,chemicalandelectronicequipment.

adjoining△adj.touchingorhavingacommonboundaryatapointorline毗邻的

chromatographn.instrumentforseparatingandusu.identifyingthechemicalcompoundspresentinamixturebydissolvingthemixtureinaliquidorgasandpassingitoverorthroughanabsorbentsubstancesothateachcompoundremainsinthesubstanceasaseparateoftencoloredlayer色谱仪,色层分离仪

[2]Theowner,JamesLovelock,isananachronism*.Inanagewhenalmostallscientistsarespecialistsworkinginlargeorganizations,Lovelock,now72,isanindependentresearcherandinventor,freelypursuinghiscuriosityacrossmanyfields.

anachronismn.aperson,thing,orideathatisorappearstobeinthewrongperiodoftime与时代不相符合的人(或事物)

Credited*withmorethan40patents*,heresemblesamodernBenFranklin①,whowouldstudytheGulfStream②onedayandthenextflyhiskitetocatchthesecretsoflightningbolts.Andfromhissmalllaboratory,Lovelockhasproposedatheorythatischangingthewayscientiststhinkaboutlifeonourplanet.

credit※vt.toconsiderusu.favorablyasthesource,author,motivatingagent,orperformerofanactionoraspossessorofatrait—usu.usedwith“with”认为…有(某种优点或成就等)

patent※n.agrantmadebyagovernmenttoaninventor,assuringhimthesolerighttomake,useandsellhisinventionforacertainperiodoftime专利,专利权

[3]ItallbeganmorethanthreedecadesagowhenLovelockdevisedtheelectroncapturedetector*.Stillwidelyused,thiselectronicnoseisabletosniffoutafewpartspertrillion*ofchemicalsfoundinthesoil,waterorair.AwareofLovelock'sskills,NASA③askedhimin1961tohelpdevisewaysofdetectinglifeonMars.

detector△n.anyinstrumentforfindingoutthepresenceofsomething检测器,探测器

trillionn.(Gt.Brit.)millionmillionmillion[英]百亿亿,百万兆(百万的三次幂);[美]百亿,兆(百万的二次幂)

[4]LovelockstudiedthechemistryofMars,usinganalysesprovidedbyNASA'sinfrared*telescopes,andfoundthatnochemicalchangesweregoingon.Suchstabilitywasacleargravestonemarkingalifelessplanet.Later,twoViking*robotlandersonMarsconfirmedhisgrimanalysis.

infrared※adj.oforbeingraysoflightoflongwavelengththatcannotbeseenbutgiveheat红外线的,产生红外辐射的

Vikingn.thecoastsofnorthernandwesternEuropefromthe8ththroughthe10thcentury北欧海盗;海盗;维京人

Butnownoticethis.Ifonesimplywithholdstreatment,itmaytakethepatientlongertodie,andsohemaysuffermorethanhewouldifmoredirectactionweretakenandlethal*injectiongiven.Thisfactprovidesstrongreasonforthinkingthat,oncetheinitialdecisionnottoprolonghisagonyhasbeenmade,activeeuthanasiaisactuallypreferabletopassiveeuthanasia,ratherthanthereverse.

lethal※adj.ableorcertaintokill致死的

[5]ButwhilesearchingforsignsoflifeonMars,Lovelockbecamefascinatedwiththe"Goldilocks*Problem",apuzzlethathaslongintrigued*scientists:

WhyisVenustoohotforlife,MarstoocoldandEarthjustright?

goldilocksn.aEuropeanplant欧洲一种黄花;金发菊属植物;欧洲童话中的一位“金发小姑娘”(她到野外游玩,误入住有三只熊的房子,她把熊老二的粥喝了,椅子坐坏了,最后倒在熊老二的床上睡着了。

intriguevt.arousetheinterestorcuriosityof激起……的兴趣或好奇心;使感到迷惑不解而急欲弄清

[6]ResearchersusedtoassumethatEarthsimplyhadthegoodlucktobeatpreciselytherightdistancefromtheSunsothatwaterremainedinaliquidstate,attemperaturesbetweenboilingandfreezing.

Butoursunhasburnedhotterasitages;thebestestimateisthatitshineswith25to30percentmorelightandheatthanwhenlifefirstappearedonEarthabout3.8billionyearsago.Earth'saveragetemperaturethenisestimatedtohavebeenaround73degreesFahrenheit.Todayit'scooler,about59degreesF.Howcouldthisbe?

[7]Lovelockwonderedwhethersomepowerful,selfregulatingsystemwasatwork.Hecameupwithaprovocative*thesis:

ourplanetactslikeagiantlivingorganism,inwhichalllivingthingsinteracttomaintainstability.

provocativeadj.likelytocause,anger,argument,interest,etc.激怒的;引起议论、兴趣等的;刺激的

Individualsandspeciesunknowinglyplayapart,muchastheredbloodcellsinyourbodyhavealifeoftheirown,butunwittingly*workinconcerttomaintainyourlife.

unwittingadj.notknowingornotintended不知情的;无心的;非故意的

[8]NobelPrizewinningauthorWilliamGolding①,Lovelock'sneighbor,suggestedcallingthetheoryGaia(GUY-ah)aftertheancientGreekEarthgoddess,Lovelockembraced*thename.Sincehefirstpropounded*itin1969,theGaiaHypothesis②hasbecomethecenterofamajorstormofscientificdebate.

embracevt.accept;makeuseof接受;利用

propoundvt.putforwardorofferforconsiderationorsolution提出以供考虑或解决

[9]Simpleasitsounds,theGaiaHypothesisisarevolutionaryidea.Itarguesthatlivingthingsarenotpassivevictimsoftheirenvironmentbutcanalterit.ThetheorycouldtransformscientificthinkingmuchasdidSirIsaacNewton's①imageoftheuniverseasaclockworkmechanism.

Gaiachallengesthescientificestablishment-whoseexpertsjealouslyrulenarrowspecialties-toseeabiggerpicture:

theworldasonesysteminwhichseaandskyandlifetransformoneanother.

AsLovelock,whoearnedhisdoctorate*inmedicine,hassaid,"WeneedtostudyEarthasdoctorsdiagnoseandtreatpatients,notasanisolatedlegorearbutasawhole,livingbeing.Weneedscientiststothinkinanewway,tobegeophysicians."

doctoraten.thedegreeorstatusofadoctorasconferredbyauniversity博士衔,博士学位

[10]TounderstandhowGaiaworks,turntheclockbacktowhenlifewasfirstemerging.EvidencesuggeststhatEarth'satmospherethencontainedupto98percentcarbondioxide.Thisproduceda"supergreenhouseeffect“thatkeptourworldwarm.

ButastheSungraduallyburnedhotter,whatpreventedEarthfrombecomingoverheated?

Justsucharunaway*greenhouseeffectturnedVenus,aplanetverysimilartooursinsizeandprimordial*chemistry,intoahellishplacewithsurfacetemperaturesabove800F.

runawayadj.outofcontrol脱离控制的

primordialadj.existingfromoratthebeginning(oftime)初发的,初生的;原始的,(从)原始时代存在的

Lovelock'sansweristhatonEarthlivingthingsmadethedifference.Thefirstbacteria,forinstance,consumedcarbondioxide,removingitfromtheatmosphereandlimitingtheeffectofthisgreenhousegas.

[11]Thenaround3.7billionyearsago,earlyformsofbluegreenalgae*begantousesunlighttomakefood.Buttheyalsoproducedwhatwasintheirworldapoisonousgas-oxygen.Whenthiseventuallybegantoaccumulateintheatmosphere,2.5billionyearsago,itcooledtheplanetandkilledsomelifeforms.Otherorganismslearnedtolivewithoxygen,andthatsetthesceneforthelifewenowknow.

algaen.(pl.)verysimple,usu.verysmallplantsthatliveinornearwater(复数)水藻,海藻

[12]Todayoxygenmakesup21percentofEarth'satmosphere.Carbondioxidecomprisesonly3/100thsofonepercentoftheairaroundus.OnVenus,itis98percent.

[13]Gaiahasmanyfeedback*systems.Forinstance,Lovelockoncementionedhismeasurementsofplankton*-produceddimethylsulfide*gasintheatmospheretoUniversityofWashingtonscientistRobertCharlson.

feedback△n.remarksaboutorinanswertoanaction,process,etc.,passedbacktotheperson(ormachine)incharge,sothatchangescanbemadeifnecessary反馈,反应,回复

planktonn.theverysmallformsofplantandanimallifethatliveinwater,esp.thesea,andareeatenbymanyfish浮游生物

dimethylsulfiden.二甲硫

Charlsonhadbeenpuzzlingoverwhatunknownparticlesprovidethenucleionwhichmoisturecondenses,formingclouds.Asaresult,Lovelock,Charlsonandtwoothercolleaguehypothesized*anotherGaianfeedbackmechanism.

hypothesize※vt.toadoptasahypothesis;assume假设,假定

Ifweatherwarmed,planktonmightemit*moredimethylsulfide;theresultingsulfurparticlesintheairmightproducemoreabundantdropletsandreflective*clouds,therebyshadingtheworldbeneathandreflectingmoresunlightbackintospace.Earth,accordingtothisstilldebatedtheory,wouldberespondingtohotterconditionswithactiontocooltheenvironment.

emitvt.tosendout(esp.heat,light,smell,sound,etc.)散发,发射

reflective※adj.capableofreflectinglight,animage,soundwaves,etc.反射的,反映的

[14]Inthe22yearssinceLovelockpropoundedit,theGaiaHypothesishasattractedanoddassortment*ofenthusiasts.SomeindustrialistslikeGaiabecauseitseemstosuggestthatMotherEarthcouldsurviveevenvastamountsofindustrialpollution.

assortmentn.agrouporquantityofmixedthingsorofvariousexamplesofthesametypeofthing;mixture;acollectionofassortedthingsorpeople各种各类(人或物)的聚合;什锦;杂拌

Lovelockwouldagree,buthewouldaddthatthesurvivalmightincludereplacementofhumansbymorepollutionresistantspecies.ManyactivistsinEurope‘senvironmentalist“Green”partieshaveembracedtheirownnotionsofGaia.ButLovelockhascriticizedenvironmentalpoliticsasa“lushpasturefordemagogues*".

demagoguen.(derog)aleaderwhotriestogain,orhasgained,powerbyexcitingpopularfeelingsratherthanbyreasonedargu

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