专业英语八级阅读理解三十一.docx

专业英语八级阅读理解三十一.docx

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专业英语八级阅读理解三十一

专业英语八级-阅读理解（三十一）

（总分：

100.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、{{B}}PARTⅡREADINGCOMPREHENSION{{/B}}（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

二、{{B}}TEXTA{{/B}}（总题数：

1，分数：

25.00）

PrinceKlemensWenzelVonMetternich,foreignministeroftheAustrianEmpireduringtheNapoleoniceraanditsaftermath,wouldhavenotroublerecognizingGoogle.Tohim,theworld'smostpopularweb-searchenginewouldcloselyresembletheNapoleonicFrancethatinhisyouthhumiliatedAustriaandEurope'sotherpowers.Itsrivals—Yahoo!

thelargestofthetraditionalwebgateways,eBay,thebiggestonlineauctionandtradingsite,andMicrosoft,asoftwareempirethatownsMSN,astrugglingwebportal—wouldlookalotlikeRussia,Prussia,andAustria.Metternichrespondedbyforginganallianceamongthosethreemonarchiestocreatea"balanceofpower"againstFrance.Google'senemies,hemightsay,oughtnowtodothesamething.

GoogleannouncedtwonewconquestsonAugust7th.ItstruckadealwithViacom,an"old"mediafirm,underwhichitwillsyndicatevideoclipsfromViacombrandssuchasMTVandNickelodeontootherwebsites,andintegrateadvertisementsintothem.ThismakesGoogletheclearleaderinthefledglingbutpromisingmarketforweb-videoadvertising.ItalsoannouncedadealwithNewsCorporation,anothermediagiant,underwhichitwillprovideallthesearchandtext-advertisingtechnologyonNewsCorporation'swebsites,includingMySpace,anenormouslypopularsocial-networkingsite.

ThesearehardblowsforYahoo!

andMSN,whichhadalsobeennegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.BothfirmshavebeenlosingmarketshareinwebsearchtoGoogleoverthepastyear—Googlenowhashalfthemarket.Theyhavealsofallenfurtherbehindintheiradvertisingtechnologiesandnetworks,sothatbothmakelessmoneythanGoogledoesfromthesamenumberofsearches.SafaRashtchy,ananalystatPiperJaffray,asecuritiesfirm,estimatesthatforeveryadvertisingdollarthatGooglemakesonasearchquery,Yahoo!

makesonly60-70cents.LastmonthYahoo!

saidthatanewadvertisingalgorithmthatithaddesignedtoclosethegapinprofitabilitywillbedelayed,anditssharepricefellby22%,itsbiggest-everone-daydrop.

MSNisfurtherbehindGooglethanYahoo!

insearch,anditsparent,Microsoft,facesanevenmorefundamentalthreatfromtheexpansionistnewpower.ManyofGoogle'snewventuresbeyondwebsearchenableuserstodothingsfreeofchargethroughtheirwebbrowsersthattheynowdousingMicrosoftsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.Googleoffersarudimentarybutfreeonlinewordprocessorandspreadsheet,forinstance.

ThesmallereBay,ontheotherhand,mightinonesenseclaimGoogleasanally.Google'ssearchresultssendalotoftraffictoeBay'sauctionsite,andeBayisoneofthebiggestadvertisersonGoogle'snetwork.Buttherelationshipisimbalanced.AninfluentialrecentstudyfromBerkeley'sHaasSchoolofBusinessestimatedthatabout12%ofeBay'srevenuescomeindirectlyfromGoogle,whereasGooglegetsonly3%ofitsrevenuesfromeBay.WorstofallforeBay,Googleisstartingtoundercutitscorebusiness.SellersaresettinguptheirownwebsitesandbuyingtextadvertisementsfromGoogle,andbuyersareusingitssearchratherthaneBaytoconnectwithsellersdirectly.Asaresult,"eBaywouldbewisetostrikeadeeppartnershipwithYahoo!

orMicrosoftinordertoregainabalanceofpowerintheindustry,"saidthestudy'sauthors,JulienDecotandSteveLee,soundinglikediplomatsattheCongressofViennain1814.（分数：

25.00）

（1）.PrinceKlemensismentionedinthefirstparagraphto

∙A.showtheweb-searchengineGooglehasbecomethemostprofitablesiteintheworld.

∙B.emphasizetheimportanceofforginganallianceamongthecompetitors.

∙C.drawananalogybetweenpresentInternetcompetitionandpastEuropeanpowerdistribution.

∙D.stressthefactthatevenMicrosoftcan'tcompetewithGoogle.

（分数：

5.00）

 A.

 B.

 C. √

 D.

解析：

[解析]推理判断题。

第一段作者举了梅特涅的例子，用来形容Google和Yahoo!

、eBay和Microsoft之间的关系。

梅特涅当年就是通过在三个帝国间建立一个联盟来与法兰西帝国对抗，与现在互联网界的Yahoo!

、eBay和Microsoft三者与Google之间的关系相似。

所以，作者举了梅特涅的例子来类比现在的情况。

因此，C正确，为本题答案。

（2）.Googlewillplayadecisiveroleinthemarketforweb-videoadvertisingbecauseof

∙A.Google'snewbusinesstransactionwithViacom.

∙B.thetechnologyavailableinViacom.

∙C.Google'sdealwithNewsCorporation.

∙D.thepopularityofasocial-networkingsite.

（分数：

5.00）

 A. √

 B.

 C.

 D.

解析：

[解析]事实细节题。

文章第二段提到了Google取得的两个新突破。

其中，与一家老牌的名为Viacom的媒体公司签署了一项协议，使得Google在互联网视频广告这个新兴而富有前景的行业处于显著的领导地位。

因此，A与原文一致。

假如没有A做前提，B所述的内容就不成立。

C说的是Google取得的另一个突破，但是与视频广告的增加并没有关系。

D是与C相关的内容，也不是答案。

因此，本题答案为A。

（3）.Yahoo!

andMSNaremakinglessmoneyforthesamenumberofsearcheschieflybecause

∙A.theyarenotgoodatnegotiatingwithNewsCorporation.

∙B.theyarelosingmarketshareveryquickly.

∙C.theylackadvancedadvertisingtechnologyandnetworks.

∙D.theyhavefailedindesigningtheirnewadvertisingalgorithm.

（分数：

5.00）

 A.

 B.

 C. √

 D.

解析：

[解析]事实细节题。

根据题干信息，我们把答案定位在文章的第三段。

该段第三句提到，它们（Yahoo!

和MSN）在广告技术和网络方面也远远落后于Google，因此在相同的搜索量的基础上赚取的钱远远少于Google。

因此，本题的答案很明显是C。

A是对第三段首句的过度推断。

B说的不是根本原因，市场份额下降的根本原因还是缺少广告技术。

D同样不是根本原因，而且末句提到的是新技术将被推迟。

（4）.GooglewinsanadvantageoverMSNinthat

∙A.GoogleoffersamorepowerfulsearchtoolthanMSN.

∙B.MicrosoftisbetteratdesigningsuchsoftwareasWindows.

∙C.MSNhassomeunquenchabletechnicalloopholesinitssoftware.

∙D.userscanperformcertaintasksforfreewithGoogle'ssupport.

（分数：

5.00）

 A.

 B.

 C.

 D. √

解析：

[解析]事实细节题。

根据题干信息可知，我们可以将答案定位在第四段。

第四段提到了MSN和Google之间的关系。

第四段第二句提到，除了网页搜索以外，Google还进行了一些新的项目尝试，而这些产品可以让用户通过他们的网页浏览器免费进行工作，这是Google与MSN相比进步的地方。

因此，D为本题答案。

其他三项都不是文章的观点。

（5）.JulienandSteveseemtosuggestthat

∙A.eBayshouldfurthercooperatewithGoogletosurvive.

∙B.eBayshouldformanalliancewithYahoo!

orMicrosoft.

∙C.GoogleismakingsmallerrevenuesthaneBay.

∙D.Google'scorebusinesshasalreadyshrankby3%.

（分数：

5.00）

 A.

 B. √

 C.

 D.

解析：

[解析]事实细节题。

根据题干中提到的人名，我们可以将答案锁定在最后一段。

末段末句引用了朱利恩和史蒂夫的话，即“eBay可能会慎重考虑与雅虎或微软建立深层次的伙伴关系”。

由此可见，他们是建议eBay与Yahoo!

或Microsoft建立更深层次的合作。

A与原文内容相反。

C和D是利用末段第四、五句设置的无关干扰。

因此，B为本题答案。

三、{{B}}TEXTB{{/B}}（总题数：

1，分数：

25.00）

Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior,infact,thatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:

ifit'shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluence,imaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.Andyet,saysDr.NoraVolkow,directorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction,"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood."

That'sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatis,specialrelevance.Threats,forexample,arehighlysalient,whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugs,ourmemorysystems,rewardcircuits,decision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction,"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctions,everyonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol."

Thatcangofornon-chemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviors,fromgamblingtoshoppingtosex,maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow'sresearchgroup,forexample,hasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouth,lipsandtongue.Forthem,activatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddiction,though.

Ofcourse,noteveryonebecomesanaddict.That'sbecausewehaveother,moreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.Paulus,forexample,lookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital'sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenough,brainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortex,whererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It'simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers—aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.Tohissurprise,Paulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetime,hecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans.

Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain'srewardsystem,poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignal,youcanloosenthedrug'shold.（分数：

25.00）

（1）.Accordi