英语国家概况.docx

英语国家概况.docx

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英语国家概况

英语国家概况

（1）

（2）100问

1."Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion".Pleaseillustratethispointwiththeexamplesfromthetext.HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?

2.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?

3.DescribeWales'unificationwithGreatBritain.

4.ArethereanydifferencesbetweenEnglandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition?

5.WhyisNorthernIreland,accordingtotheauthor,sosignificantintheUnitedKingdom?

Whatisthepoliticalproblemthere?

6.WhataresomeofthefactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday?

7.DifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUnitedKingdomhavedifferentsolutionstothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland.Pleasesumuptheirdifferentattitudes.

8.HastheauthorofferedasolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland?

9.Whatistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment?

10.WhatisthenameofthecharteroflibertyandpoliticalrightsgrantedbyKingJohnin1215?

11.DoyouthinkElizabethanDramaoccupiesasignificantpositioninBritishliterature?

WhoisthemostimportantfigureinElizabethanDrama?

Whataresomeofhismajorworks?

12.WhatdowecallthegroupofimportantParliamentarians?

13.WhichpartyformsthegovernmentandwhobecomesPrimeMinister?

14.WhataresomeofthechangesthathavetakeplacerecentlyintheChineseattitudetowardssports?

Howdoyouaccountforthesechanges?

15.ForhowmanyyearsisageneralelectionheldonceintheUK?

16.WhocanstandforelectionasanMP?

17.Whatarethethreemajorparties?

Whichpartyisthepartythatspentmosttimeinpower?

18.WhichpartydoesTonyBlairbelongto?

19.WhenwastheBritisheconomydominantintheworld?

20.BywhattimewastheUKovertakenbyothercountries,suchastheUSandGermany?

21.Whichcountrydoesitrefertoas"theJewelintheCrown"?

Whendiditgainitsindependence?

22.Whataresomeofthepositiveandnegativeeffectsofnon-whiteimmigrantsonBritishsocietyaccordingtotheauthor?

23.WhatisthegeneralsituationofracialrelationsintheUK?

24.WhyisGeoffreyChaucer,whowroteinMiddleEnglish,stillreadandstudiedtoday?

25.Whenwastheterm"parliament"firstusedofficially?

26.Theauthorsaysthat"themediaarecentraltoBritishleisureculture",whydoestheauthorsayso?

27.WhataresomeofthecharacteristicsofBritishnewspaperculture?

InwhatwayisitdifferentfromtheUnitedStates?

28.IstheBritishpressfreefromthegovernmentcontrolandcensorship?

WhatistherelationshipbetweentheBritishpressandpoliticsorbusiness?

29.HowdoestheBBCoperate?

HowisitdifferentfromAmericanbroadcastingsystems?

30.WhataresomeofthefeaturesofRomanticLiterature?

31.WhatisModernism?

Canyouillustrateyourpointswithspecificbooksasexamples?

32.WhatisPostmodernism?

Canyouillustrateyourpointswithspecificbooksasexamples?

33.HowhastheChristianchurchinfluencedBritishsports?

Pleasepickupsomeexamplesfromthetext.

34.Whatistheoriginoffootball?

35.Howistheviolenceof"footballhooligans"relatedtotheBritishhistoryoffootball?

36.WhyiscricketveryEnglish?

WhydoestheauthorbelievethatcricketwasassociatedwithasetofEnglishmoralvalues?

37.Christmasisthebiggestandbest-lovedBritishholiday?

HowdotheBritishcelebratethisholiday?

38.HowdotheBritishcelebratetheQueen'sBirthday?

Whatistheoriginofthisholiday?

39.BonfireNightisonetrulyEnglishholiday.HowandwhydotheEnglishcelebratethisholiday?

40.HowdotheProtestantsandCatholicscelebratetheirownholidaysinNorthernIreland?

Whattraditionsarebehindtheircelebrations?

41.HowisHogmanaycelebratedinScotland?

WhatotherfestivalsarecelebratedinScotland?

42.WhicharethetwomostimportantandfamousuniversitiesinBritain?

43.WhatisthegoalofeducationintheU.K.?

44.IstheBritisheducationsystemrunbythestateortheprivatesector?

45.WheredoBritishuniversitiesreceivetheirfundsbesidesstudentstuition?

46.Whydoestheauthorsaythat"thewaythelivingarrangementsofasocietyasawholeareorganizedtellsussomethingaboutthatsociety"?

47.WhatarethefourmaintypesofhomeinBritain?

Howdotheyreflectthecostandstatusofhomes?

WhataresomeofthemajortypesofhomeinChina?

48.HowarepeopleintheUKdividedintodifferentclasses?

49.IstheclasssystemsimilarwiththeUnitedStates?

50.WhatandhowdidtheBritishempireend?

HowdidtheBritishreacttothisreality?

51.WhatarethefoundationsofBritain'sforeignpolicy?

52.HowisBritain'sforeignpolicymade?

Doesthegovernment'sforeignpolicyrepresentthedesiresofBritishcitizens?

53.WhydoestheauthorsaythatthedecisiontojointheECwasandremainscontroversialinBritain?

54.WhydoestheauthorthinkthatBritainhasthe"specialrelationship"withtheUnitedStates?

Doesthisrelationshipstillexist?

1.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions.BeforethefirstcenturyADBritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople:

apowerfulcultureoriginatingincentralEurope.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire,andEnglandandWales（thoughnotScotlandorIreland）becameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.TwomoregroupsofinvadersweretocomeaftertheEnglish:

fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikings,threatenedBritain'sshores….

2.Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.ThusitisnotabigleapfortheScottishtoimaginethemselvesindependentagain.

Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparselypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth（TheHighlands）,andinthesouth（TheSouthernUplands）.Three-quartersofthepopulationlivesinthelowlandzonewhichspansthecountrybetweenthesetwohighlandareas.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,inthewestofthiszone.Scotland'scapitalcityisEdinburgh,ontheeastcoastfortymilesawayfromGlasgow.Itisrenownedforitsbeauty,anddominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrockinthecentreofthecity.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.

3.WaleswasalwaysunderpressurefromitsEnglishneighbours,particularlyaftertheNormanconquest,whenNormanbaronssetupcastlesandestatesinWalesundertheauthorityoftheEnglishCrown.SomebriefcampaignsaretheonlytimesinhistorywhenWaleshasexistedasaunifiedindependentnation.

4.Yes,thereare.Thecloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernWaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses—itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemareexactlythesameasinEngland.Oftenofficialstatisticsaregivenfor"EnglandandWales".However,Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdifferenceistheWelshlanguage—theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.

5.Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland",notonly"NorthernIreland",becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"home-rule"—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.

6.Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.

7.MargaretThatcher'sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"TheBulletandtheBallotBox".

8.Theproblemlayinthe"commitmenttopeacefulmethods"aspectofthepossibletalks.Province-wideelectionsareplannedunderacomplexformulatoensureawiderangeofrepresentationonthebodywhichwillcarryoutthesetalks,inanattempttogivethemlegitimacy.WithouttheparticipationofSinnFeinandtheIRAitishardtoseethemsucceeding.NorthernIrelandispoisedonthebrink—anewpeacefulfuture,orareturntotheviolencethathasclaimed3150livessofar.

9.TheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentistheMonarchy（rulebytheking）.

10.ItwasagangoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchwhichopposedsomeofKingJohn's（1199—1216）policies.Thisoppositionwassopowerfulthatthekingfinallygrantedthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalrights,stillknownbyitsmedievalLatinnameofMagnaCarta.MagnaCartaplacedsomelimitsontheking'sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.ThisisstillregardedasBritain'skeyexpressionoftherightsofcitizensagainsttheCrown.

11.Shakespeareisthemostimportantfigureatthattim