雅思剑桥4 Test1 阅读原文及题目.docx
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雅思剑桥4Test1阅读原文及题目
ReadingPassage1
Adultsandchildrenarefrequentlyconfrontedwithstatementsaboutthealarmingrateoflossoftropicalrainforests.Forexample,onegraphicillustrationtowhichchildrenmightreadilyrelateistheestimatethatrainforestsarebeingdestroyedatarateequivalenttoonethousandfootballfieldseveryfortyminutes—aboutthedurationofanormalclassroomperiod.Inthefaceofthefrequentandoftenvividmediacoverage,itislikelythatchildrenwillhaveformedideasaboutrainforests—whatandwheretheyare,whytheyareimportant,whatendangersthem—independentofanyformaltuition.Itisalsopossiblethatsomeoftheseideaswillbemistaken.
Manystudieshaveshownthatchildrenharbourmisconceptionsabout‘pure’,curriculumscience.Thesemisconceptionsdonotremainisolatedbutbecomeincorporatedintoamultifaceted,butorganised,conceptualframework,makingitandthecomponentideas,someofwhichareerroneous,morerobustbutalsoaccessibletomodification.Theseideasmaybedevelopedbychildrenabsorbingideasthroughthepopularmedia.Sometimesthisinformationmaybeerroneous.Itseemsschoolsmaynotbeprovidinganopportunityforchildrentore-expresstheirideasandsohavethemtestedandrefinedbyteachersandtheirpeers.
Despitetheextensivecoverageinthepopularmediaofthedestructionofrainforests,littleformalinformationisavailableaboutchildren’sideasinthisarea.Theaimofthepresentstudyistostarttoprovidesuchinformation,tohelpteachersdesigntheireducationalstrategiestobuilduponcorrectideasandtodisplacemisconceptionsandtoplanprogrammesinenvironmentalstudiesintheirschools.
Thestudysurveyschildren’sscientificknowledgeandattitudestorainforests.Secondaryschoolchildrenwereaskedtocompleteaquestionnairecontainingfiveopen-formquestions.Themostfrequentresponsestothefirstquestionweredescriptionswhichareself-evidentfromtheterm‘rainforest’.Somechildrendescribedthemasdamp,wetorhot.Thesecondquestionconcernedthegeographicallocationofrainforests.Thecommonestresponseswerecontinentsorcountries:
Africa(givenby43%ofchildren),SouthAmerica(30%),Brazil(25%).Somechildrenalsogavemoregenerallocations,suchasbeingneartheEquator.
Responsestoquestionthreeconcernedtheimportanceofrainforests.Thedominantidea,raisedby64%ofthepupils,wasthatrainforestsprovideanimalswithhabitats.Fewerstudentsrespondedthatrainforestsprovideplanthabitats,andevenfewermentionedtheindigenouspopulationsofrainforests.Moregirls(70%)thanboys(60%)raisedtheideaofrainforestasanimalhabitats.
Similarly,butatalowerlevel,moregirls(13%)thanboys(5%)saidthatrainforestsprovidedhumanhabitats.Theseobservationsaregenerallyconsistentwithourpreviousstudiesofpupils’viewsabouttheuseandconservationofrainforests,inwhichgirlswereshowntobemoresympathetictoanimalsandexpressedviewswhichseemtoplaceanintrinsicvalueonnon-humananimallife.
Thefourthquestionconcernedthecausesofthedestructionofrainforests.Perhapsencouragingly,morethanhalfofthepupils(59%)identifiedthatitishumanactivitieswhicharedestroyingrainforests,somepersonalisingtheresponsibilitybytheuseoftermssuchas‘weare’.About18%ofthepupilsreferredspecificallytologgingactivity.
Onemisconception,expressedbysome10%ofthepupils,wasthatacidrainisresponsibleforrainforestdestruction;asimilarproportionsaidthatpollutionisdestroyingrainforests.Here,childrenareconfusingrainforestdestructionwithdamagetotheforestsofWesternEuropebythesefactors.Whiletwofifthsofthestudentsprovidedtheinformationthattherainforestsprovideoxygen,insomecasesthisresponsealsoembracedthemisconceptionthatrainforestdestructionwouldreduceatmosphericoxygen,makingtheatmosphereincompatiblewithhumanlifeonEarth.
Inanswertothefinalquestionabouttheimportanceofrainforestconservation,themajorityofchildrensimplysaidthatweneedrainforeststosurvive.Onlyafewofthepupils(6%)mentionedthatrainforestdestructionmaycontributetoglobalwarming.Thisissurprisingconsideringthehighlevelofmediacoverageonthisissue.Somechildrenexpressedtheideathattheconservationofrainforestsisnotimportant.
Theresultsofthisstudysuggestthatcertainideaspredominateinthethinkingofchildrenaboutrainforests.Pupils’responsesindicatesomemisconceptionsinbasicscientificknowledgeofrainforests’ecosystemssuchastheirideasaboutrainforestsashabitatsforanimals,plantsandhumansandtherelationshipbetweenclimaticchangeanddestructionofrainforests.
Pupilsdidnotvolunteerideasthatsuggestedthattheyappreciatedthecomplexityofcausesofrainforestdestruction.Inotherwords,theygavenoindicationofanappreciationofeithertherangeofwaysinwhichrainforestsareimportantorthecomplexsocial,economicandpoliticalfactorswhichdrivetheactivitieswhicharedestroyingtherainforests.Oneencouragementisthattheresultsofsimilarstudiesaboutotherenvironmentalissuessuggestthatolderchildrenseemtoacquiretheabilitytoappreciate,valueandevaluateconflictingviews.Environmentaleducationoffersanarenainwhichtheseskillscanbedeveloped,whichisessentialforthesechildrenasfuturedecision-makers.
●Questions1-8
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1.
Inboxes1-8onyouranswersheetwrite
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
1Theplightoftherainforestshaslargelybeenignoredbythemedia.
2Childrenonlyacceptopinionsonrainforeststhattheyencounterintheirclassrooms.
3Ithasbeensuggestedthatchildrenholdmistakenviewsaboutthe‘pure’sciencethattheystudyatschool.
4Thefactthatchildren’sideasaboutscienceformpartofalargerframeworkofideasmeansthatitiseasiertochangethem.
5Thestudyinvolvedaskingchildrenanumberofyes/noquestionssuchas‘ArethereanyrainforestsinAfrica’
6Girlsaremorelikelythanboystoholdmistakenviewsabouttherainforests’destruction.
7Thestudyreportedherefollowsonfromaseriesofstudiesthathavelookedatchildren’sunderstandingofrainforests.
8Asecondstudyhasbeenplannedtoinvestigateprimaryschoolchildren’sideasaboutrainforests.
●Questions9-13
TheboxbelowgivesalistofresponsesA-PtothequestionnairediscussedinReadingPassage1.
AnswerthefollowingquestionsbychoosingthecorrectresponsesA-P.
Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.
9Whatwasthechildren’smostfrequentresponsewhenaskedwheretherainforestswere
10Whatwasthemostcommonresponsetothequestionabouttheimportanceoftherainforests
11Whatdidmostchildrengiveasthereasonforthelossoftherainforests
12Whydidmostchildrenthinkitimportantfortherainforeststobeprotected
13Whichoftheresponsesiscitedasunexpectedlyuncommon,giventheamountoftimespentontheissuebythenewspapersandtelevision
AThereisacomplicatedcombinationofreasonsforthelossoftherainforests.
BTherainforestsarebeingdestroyedbythesamethingsthataredestroyingtheforestsofWesternEurope.
CRainforestsarelocatedneartheEquator.
DBrazilishometotherainforests.
EWithoutrainforestssomeanimalswouldhavenowheretolive.
FRainforestsareimportanthabitatsforalotofplants.
GPeopleareresponsibleforthelossoftherainforests.
HTherainforestsareasourceofoxygen.
IRainforestsareofconsequenceforanumberofdifferentreasons.
JAstherainforestsaredestroyed,theworldgetswarmer.
KWithoutrainforeststherewouldnotbeenoughoxygenintheair.
LTherearepeopleforwhomtherainforestsarehome.
MRainforestsarefoundinAfrica.
NRainforestsarenotreallyimportanttohumanlife.
OThedestructionoftherainforestsisthedirectresultofloggingactivity.
PHumansdependontherainforestsfortheircontinuingexistence.
●Question14
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,DorE.Writeyouranswerinbox14onyouranswersheet.
WhichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforReadingPassage1
AThedevelopmentofaprogrammeinenvironmentalstudieswithinasciencecurriculum
BChildren’sideasabouttherainforestsandtheimplicationsforcoursedesign
CTheextenttowhichchildrenhavebeenmisledbythemediaconcerningtherainforests
DHowtocollect,collateanddescribetheideasofsecondaryschoolchildren.
ETheimportanceoftherainforestsandthereasonsfortheirdestruction
ReadingPassage2:
WhatDoWhalesFeel
Anexaminationofthefunctioningofthesensesincetaceans,thegroupofmammalscomprisingwhales,dolphinsandporpoises
Someofthesensesthatweandotherterrestrialmammalstakeforgrantedareeitherreducedorabsentincetaceansorfailtofunctionwellinwater.Forexample,itappearsfromtheirbrainstructurethattoothedspeciesareunabletosmell.Baleenspecies,ontheotherhand,appeartohavesomerelatedbrainstructuresbutitisnotknownwhetherthesearefunctional.Ithasbeenspeculatedthat,astheblowholesevolvedandmigratedtothetopofthehead,theneuralpathwaysservingsenseofsmellmayhavebeennearlyallsacrificed.Similarly,althoughatleastsomecetaceanshavetastebuds,thenervesservingthesehavedegeneratedorarerudimentary.
Thesenseoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisviewisprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhaleso