戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版.docx

戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版.docx

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戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版

Chapter1Introduction

Whatislinguistics?

什么是语言学

[A]Thedefinitionoflinguistics

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage（对语言进行的科学研究）

Processoflinguisticstudy:

①Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed;

②Hypothesesareformulated;

③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;

④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.

[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:

thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究

1.Phonetics:

thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds（orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage）（Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified）

2.Phonology:

isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.（Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning）

3.Morphology:

thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords（howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords）

4.Syntax:

thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences（howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences）

5.Semantics:

thestudyofmeaninginabstraction

6.Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind

Appliedlinguistics:

theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning

Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics

[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性

②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

③Speechandwriting言语与文字

Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten

④Langueandparole语言和言语

ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse（sociological）

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity（指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）

Parole:

referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse（指语言在实际运用中的实现）

⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用

ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky（psychological）

Competence:

theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.（理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识）

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.（这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现）

Whatislanguage?

什么是语言

[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.（语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。

）

a）System:

combinedtogetheraccordingtorules（根据规则组合在一起）

b）Arbitrary:

nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系）

c）Vocal:

theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages（所有语言的首要媒介都是声音）

d）Human:

languageishuman-specific（语言是人类所独有的）

[B]Designfeatures（uniqueproperties）:

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication（识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征）

①Arbitrariness（任意性）

Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform（eithersoundorword）anditsmeaning.

Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意）

a）echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:

onomatopoeicwords（拟声词）

b）somecompoundwords（某些复合词）

②Productivity（能产性，创造性）

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.（Creativityoropen-endedness）

★③Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）

Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword（doublearticulation）（语言是一个系统，包含两组结构或者两个层面。

在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构，其自身没有什么意义；较高层面存在着意义单位；结构的双重性/语言的双层性）

④Displacement（跨时空性，移位性）

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker（refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations）

⑤Culturaltransition（文化传递性）

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis（everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage）,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.

Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.

Chapter2Phonology音位学

[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics（语音学）

Phonetics:

thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）

Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.（发音语音学）

Acousticphonetics:

dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.（听觉语音学）

Auditory（orperceptual）phonetics:

dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.（声学语音学）

[B]Organsofspeech（发音器官）

Voiceless:

清音whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.

Voiced（Voicing）:

浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.

AlltheEnglishvowels元音aretypicallyvoiced（voicing）.

Theimportantcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔

Theoralcavity口腔

Thenasalcavity鼻腔

其他部位：

Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge（alveolus）齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate（velum）软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10

[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds：

Broadandnarrowtranscriptions

（语音的正字法表征：

宽式/窄式标音）

IPA（InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标）

Broadtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly（代表字母的符号）

Narrowtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics（变音符）

E.g.:

[l][li:

f]--aclear[l]（nodiacritic）

[l][bild]--adark[l]（~）

[l][help]--adental[l]（）

[p][pit]--anaspirated[ph]（h表示送气）

[p][spit]--anunaspirated[p]（nodiacritic）

[n][btn]asyllabicnasal[n]（）

[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants（英语辅音的分类）

Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分（themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated）

①Stops闭塞音:

theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly

[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]

②Fricatives摩擦音:

theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth

[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h]（approximant）

③Affricates塞擦音:

theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫]/[dз]

④Liquids流音:

theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth

[l]alateralsound;[r]retroflex

⑤Glides滑音:

[w],[j]（semi-vowels）

Liquid+glides+[h]approximants

⑥Nasals鼻音:

thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit

[m],[n],[η]

Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分（theplacewhereobstructioniscreated）

①bilabial双唇音:

upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w]（velar）

②labiodentals唇齿音:

thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]

③dental齿音:

thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]

④alveolar齿龈音:

thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]

⑤palatal腭音:

tongueinthemiddleofthepalate[θ]/[δ],[t∫]/[dз],[j]

⑥velars软腭因:

thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]

⑦glottal喉音:

theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]

[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels（英语元音的分类） 

①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:

front,central,back;

②Theopennessofthemouth:

close,semi-close,semi-open,open;

③Theroundness（shape）ofthemonth（thelips）:

Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[]

Allthebackvowels,except[:

]areroundedvowels

④Thelengthofthesound:

longvowels&shortvowels

Larynx（tense）or（lax）

Monophthongs,diphthongs

Cardinalvowels

[F]Thedefinitionofphonology（音位学）

Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.

Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone（音素、音位、音位变体）

Phone:

aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment（因素是一个语音单位或者说语音段）

Phoneme:

aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.（音位是一个音位学的单位，而且是一个有区别意义的单位，是一个抽象的单位）

Allophone:

thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.（在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素被称为该音位的音位变体）

[H]Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair（音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体）

Phonemiccontrast:

whentwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentsintwowordsandtheydistinguishmeaning,they’reinphonemiccontrast.

E.g.pin&bin/p/vs./b/rope&robe/p/vs./b/（要会判断！

）

Complementarydistribution:

twoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheycannotappearatthesametime,oroccurindifferentenvironment,besidestheydonotdistinguishmeaning.

Minimalpair:

whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme（alwaysinthesameposition）,thenallofthesewordsconstituteaminimalsets.

[I]Somerulesinphonology

①sequentialrules序列规则

Phonota