高中英语语法总结 Summary of Senior English Grammar.docx
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高中英语语法总结SummaryofSeniorEnglishGrammar
SummaryofSeniorEnglishGrammar
SectionOne名词***************************
*名词的种类
专有名词,eg人名,国家名,地区名等Tom,France
个体名词,eg可数名词country,gun,soldier
集体名词,eg表示一个可数集团family,team,crowd
物质名词,eg不可数名词meat,rice,paper
抽象名词,eg非“自然”产物youth,beauty,life
*名词的复数形式
1.一般加s.
egresearchers,plans,poems
2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾一般加es.
egclasses,boxes,kisses,watches,brushes
注:
stomach例外,stomachs.
3.辅音+y的y变为ies.
egladies,factories
4.元音+y的直接加s.
egplays,boys
5.结尾为o的一般加es.
egtomatoes,potatoes,heroes
注:
尾部为两个元音的以及部分外来语只加s.
egradios,studios,zoos,bamboos,photos,pianos,kilos,tabaccos.
6.以f,fe结尾的变f/fe为ves.
egwife-wives,life-lives,knife-knives,wolf-wolves,self-selves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,half-halves.
注:
也有例外,roofs,cliffs,chiefs,gulfs,beliefs.
7.改变元音字母.
egman-men,woman-women,mouse-mice,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,ox-oxen
8.复合名词之后加s.
egarmchairs,bookcases,bookstores
9.man和woman做定语,前后名词都要复数.
egmandoctor-mendoctors,womandriver-womendrivers.
注:
其他没有这类规则egboystudent-boystudents,ladydriver-ladydrivers
10.与介词或副词构成的复合名词在主体名词上加s.
egbrothers-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,standers-by,comrade-in-arms变为comrades-in-arms
11.个别单词单数复数形式相同.
egChinese,works工厂,means手段,sheep,deer,fish,Japanese.
*物质名词和抽象名词的复数形式具有特殊含义。
物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,有时转为复数形式通常用于表示类别。
egteas各种茶,gases各种气体,fruits各种水果
有些名词的复数形式其意义发生变化。
egtime时间-times时代,次数。
looks外貌,greens青菜,goods货物,sands沙漠,沙滩。
*有些名词根据具体情况确定是否使用复数。
eg(全部)头发hair,几根白头发afewwhitehairs.经验experience,经历experiences.工作work,著作works.纸paper,论文,
文件,试卷papers.帮助help,帮手,助手helps.惊讶surprise,令人惊奇的事surprises.
*专有名词前加不定冠词a时可以表示“像……的人或事”,“叫……的人”
eghewishestobeanEdison.希望成为爱迪生式的人。
aMr.Wangiswaitingforyouatthegate.一个叫王先生的在门口等你。
*名词所有格
1.一般直接加's.
egaman'sjob,achild'svoice,thebird'smouth,women'sclothes,thepeople'schoice.
2.以s结尾的复数名词只加'.
egtheGreens'car,thegirls'teacher.
3.复合名词在最后加's.
egmysister-in-law'sfather,eachother'sshortcomings,somebodyelse'sbook
*双重所有格
of+“名词所有格或名词性物主代词”
egafriendofmine,thenaughtydaughteroftheGreen's,afewarticlesofLi's,afriendofmymother's.
*“数词-名词-(形容词)”做定语
egnine-story九层楼的,120-mile120英里的,five-year-old五岁的,200-foot-long200英尺长的。
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SectionTwo代词
*人称代词
1.并列结构中I或me位于其他代词之后,egyou,sheandiwillbeinchargeofthework.
2.承担责任时,要把I放在首位,egIandTombrokethewindowbyaccident.
3.注意人称代词主格和宾格的用法,egitwasmewhotheywantedtosee.
4.we和you常用来泛指一般人,egundersuchconditions,we/youshouldbemorecareful.
5.she可以代表国家,船只,大地,月亮等,egthecountryneedsstrongleaders,mayshealwayshavethem?
theTitanicwasthelargest,wasn'tshe?
*物主代词
分为形容词性物主代词(egmy,your,their)和名词性物主代词(egmine,hers,ours,yours)。
*反身代词
oneself
1.做宾语
pleasehelpyourself.
2.做表语
thepoorboymentionedinthestorywasmyself.
iamnotquitemyselftoday.
3.做主语或宾语的同位语,表示“亲自,本人”
iwillgoandlookintothemattermyself.
4.与介词搭配
discussitamongyourselves.
helivesallbyhimselfinthecountry.
*指示代词(this,that,these,those)
具有形容词和代词的词性,可以做定语,主语,宾语,表语等。
thisiswhatijustwanttotellyou.
youshouldalwayskeepthisinmind.
1.打电话时用this自我介绍,that询问对方。
hello!
thisisYangYangspeaking.whoisthatspeaking?
2.this/that可以充当副词so使用。
ididneverthinkthatitwasthishotinTaian.
3.such也是指示代词。
sucharetheresultsoftheexperiment.
*不定代词
不定代词主要有:
all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no等。
其中除
了every和no只能做定语外,其他均可做主语,宾语,表语或定语。
另外还有some,any,no,every的合成代词。
1.both,either,neither的用法
均表示两者的关系。
both两者都(动词复数),either任何一个(动词单数),neither没有一个(动词单数)。
bothbanksoftheriverarecoveredwithbushes.
neitherofthemdrinksbeer.
wearebothinterestedinthesubject.
2.each,every的用法
each强调个体,every强调整体。
each可以做同位语,every只能做定语。
theyhaveeachgotanewtextbook.
theyhavegotanewtextbookeach.
eachofthemhavegotanewtextbook.
everyotherday每隔一天,每两天(不能用each)。
3.none,no的用法
none做主语,宾语,同位语等,no做定语。
noneof所接的动词采用单复数均可,后接不可数名词的表语时应使用动词单数,后接可数名词复数做表语时使用动词复数。
noneofthatmoneyonthetableismine.
noneofthemarefilmfans.
wearealmosthome,wewillbehomeinnotime.
4.other,theother,others,another,therest的用法
other可作形容词或代词,常与some,any,no,many等连用。
theother表示“两者中的另一个”,做代词或形容词。
others表示“另外的,其他的”,常与some连用。
theothers表示“其余的”,只能代替可数名词。
therest表示“其余的”,可以代替可数名词和不可数名词。
shehastwootherbrothersbesidesJohn.
whynottrydoingitsomeotherday?
nootherpeopleknowthetruthexceptTom.
thereseemstobeanoldtreeontheothersideofthestreet.
wherearetheotherphotos?
hehastwosons.oneisanarmyofficer,andtheotherisapilot.
he'sgotfourforeignfriends.oneisEnglish,andtheotherthreearefromAustrilia.
heisalwaysthinkofothers.
someareploughing,othersseeding.
idon'tlikethisone.canyoushowmeanyothers?
ihavedrunksomeofthebeer,andtherestisforyou.
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SectionThree形容词、副词
*比较级,最高级的基本句型
1.asas,notso/asas.
thebuildingisashighasthetower.
mybikeisnotsoexpensiveasyours.
2.asmany/fewc.n.as,asmuch/littleu.n.as.
youmayborrowasmanybooksasyoucan.
drinkasmuchwaterasyoucan.
3.No.timesasas.
thereare3timesasmanystudentsinourschoolasintheirs.
4.much/far/alot/byfar/even/still/abit/little/no/any+ 比较级
thelivingstandardofthepeopletherewasmuchworsethanihadthought.
youhavedonethejobwell,butyoucandoitstill(更加)better.
therewerenofewerthan200peopleatthereportlastnight.
areyoufeelinganybetternow?
sheisbyfarthebetteractress.
canyoustayalittlelonger?
mybrotherisjustabittallerthaniam.
itwaswarmyesterday,butit'sevenwarmertoday.
5.any,anyother
ChinaisbiggerthananyothercountryinAsia.
BeijingisbiggerthananycityinShandongProvince.
6.the比较级the比较级
themorecarefulyouare,thelessmistakesyouwillmake.
7.moreandmore,比较级and比较级
astimewenton,hefounditmoreandmoredifficulttosupporthisfamily.
thecityisbecomingcleanerandcleaner.
*下列句型表示比较
1.wouldratherthan宁愿不愿
iwouldratherplayfootballthanswim.
haveadrink?
no,iwouldrathernot.
2.ratherthan倒不如说是
sheranratherthanwalked.
theseshoesarecomfortableratherthanpretty.
3.preferto喜欢而不喜欢
ipreferEnglishtoJapanese.
hetoldmehepreferedswimmingtorunning.
4.shouldprefersbtodosth更希望某人干某事
i'dpreferyoutogotherewithhim.
*形容词做表语与做定语的区别
表语形容词不能做前置定语。
1.表示健康的,egwell,unwell,ill,faint.
heisill.
2.sorry,glad,fond,sure,worth,mistaken等
iamgladthatyouarefondofthesubject.
3.多数以字母a开头的形容词
afraid,alive,asleep,awake,ashamed,alone,alike,ahead等。
theboyisasleepnow.
*形容词的主要用途
1.做定语,修饰名词或代词
heisagoodboy.
givemeagoodone,please.
2.做表语
sheishonest.
thefaceofthetablefeelssmooth.
3.做宾语补足语
theykepteveryroomclean.
*副词的主要用途
1.副词(very)修饰形容词(terrible)
theirlivingconditionwereveryterrible.
2.副词(happily)修饰动词(areplaying)
theyareplayinghappily.
3.副词(very)修饰副词(fast)
herunsveryfast.
4.副词(obviously)修饰整个句子
obviously,theyaregoingtowinthematch.
*要会区分形容词和副词
1.名词+ly组成的形容词有时会误以为是副词
friendly,lovely,monthly,weekly
2.同一个形容词的副词有两个且含义不同
high高高地,highly高度地,很
deep深地(具体),deeply深地(抽象)
wide宽阔,widely广泛地
egthetrainwasgoingatahighspeed.
weflewhighinthesky.
thepeoplethinkhighlyofhim.
3.fast,straight,early等既可以做形容词也可以做副词
4.下列形容词转为副词后词义变化剧烈
hard努力,hardly几乎不,most非常,mostly主要地,late迟到的,lately最近,near靠近,nearly几乎
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SectionFour冠词
*三种表示类属的方法
1.可数名词的类属
马是有用的动物的3种表述
ahorseisausefulanimal.
thehorseisausefulanimal.
horsesareusefulanimal.
三种说法通用。
2.不可数名词的类属
只能用原词表示类属
waterisimportanttolife.
但表示特指时加the
thewaterinthejarisnotfittodrink.
*抽象名词和不定冠词a
抽象名词一般不与a一起使用,但有时连用表示“一次,一种”等或者使抽象名词具体化。
haveagoodtime
haveadeeplovefor深深地爱……
haveataste
haveagoodlunch
haveahappylife
itisagreatjoytoliveinNewChina
theplaywasagreatsuccess
thegirlisagreathelptohermother
whatapleasantsurpriseyoubroughtus!
*定冠词的用法
1.加名词表示某特定人物
howdidyoulikethereport?
2.与表示独一无二的东西的名词连用
thesunisthecentreoftheworld.
3.与名词连用表示一个阶层或群体
theChineseareahard-workingpeople.
4.一般江河海洋、山脉群岛、海峡海湾等地理名词前须加定冠词
theYellowRiver
theDeadSea
thePhilippines
theTaiwanStraits
注:
湖泊以及个别山和岛屿的前面一般不加冠词。
MountTai
MountOMei
ChristmasIsland
5.定冠词+姓氏复数=一家人
theGreensweresittingatthetablewhenIgettothehouse.
6.乐器前要加定冠词
thegirlplaysthepianoforabouttwohourseachday.
7.表示方位的名词前加定冠词
ShanghailiesinthesoutheastofChina.
8.组合的专有名词前加定冠词
theUnitedNations
9.the+形容词,表示一类人时动词用复数形式,表示一类东西时动词用单数
therichbecomericher.
thebeautifulisalwaysloved.
*不用定冠词的情形
1.物质名词,抽象名词表示概念时
electricityisaformofenergy.
sciencemeanshonest,solidknowledge.
但是表示特指时需加the
thesteelproducedinourplantisofhighquality.
2.表示类别的名词
doctorsarebadlyneededatthefront.
但是表示特指时需要加the
don'tyourecognizethestudentsplayingoverthere?
3.三餐前
whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?
表特指时要加
whatdidyouthinkofthesupperyesterday?
有时加a表示一顿
wehadareallygooddinner.
4.四季前一般不加the
it'sverycoldinwinter.
表特指时要加
wemetforthefirsttimeinthewinterof2003.
5.球类,棋类,牌类前不加
playingfootba