Plagirism 作弊问题讲解.docx

Plagirism 作弊问题讲解.docx

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Plagirism作弊问题讲解

AvoidingPlagiarism

（BroughttoyoubythePurdueUniversityOnline

WritingLabathttp:

//owl.english.purdue.edu）

---AcademicwritinginAmericaninstitutionsisfilledwithrulesthatwritersoftendonotknowhowtofollow.Aworkingknowledgeoftheserulesiscriticallyimportant.

---Inadvertentmistakescanleadtochargesofplagiarismortheunacknowledgeduseofsomebodyelse’swordsorideas.

---Achargeofplagiarismcanhavesevereconsequences,includingexpulsionfromauniversity.

TheContradictionsof

AmericanAcademicWriting

Showyouhavedoneyourresearch

--But--

Writesomethingnewandoriginal

Appealtoexpertsandauthorities

--But--

Improveupon,ordisagreewithexpertsandauthorities

ImproveyourEnglishbymimickingwhatyouhearandread

--But--

Useyourownwords,yourownvoice

Givecreditwherecreditisdue

--But--

Makeyourownsignificantcontribution

---Sinceteachersandadministratorsmaynotdistinguishbetweendeliberateandaccidentalplagiarism,theheartofavoidingplagiarismistomakesureyougivecreditwhereitisdue.

---Thismaybecreditforsomethingsomebodysaid,wrote,emailed,drew,orimplied.

ChoosingWhentoGiveCredit

NeedtoDocument

NoNeedtoDocument

∙Whenyouareusingorreferringtosomebodyelse’swordsorideasfromamagazine,book,newspaper,song,TVprogram,movie,Webpage,computerprogram,letter,advertisement,oranyothermedium

∙Whenyouuseinformationgainedthroughinterviewinganotherperson

∙Whenyoucopytheexactwordsora"uniquephrase"fromsomewhere

∙Whenyoureprintanydiagrams,illustrations,charts,andpictures

∙Whenyouuseideasthatothershavegivenyouinconversationsoroveremail

∙Whenyouarewritingyourownexperiences,yourownobservations,yourowninsights,yourownthoughts,yourownconclusionsaboutasubject

∙Whenyouareusing"commonknowledge"—folklore,commonsenseobservations,sharedinformationwithinyourfieldofstudyorculturalgroup

∙

∙Whenyouarecompilinggenerallyacceptedfacts

∙Whenyouarewritingupyourownexperimentalresults

MakingSureYouAreSafe

Actionduringthewritingprocess

Appearanceonthefinishedproduct

Whenresearchingnote-takingandinterview-ing

-Markeverythingthatissomeoneelse’swordswithabigQ（forquote）orwithbigquotationmarks

--Indicateinyournoteswhichideasaretakenfromsources（S）andwhichareyourowninsights（ME）

--Recordalloftherelevantdocumentationinformationinyournotes

--Proofreadandcheckwithyournotes（orphotocopiesofsources）tomakesurethatanythingtakenfromyournotesisacknowledgedinsomecombinationofthewayslistedbelow:

-In-textcitation

-Footnotes

-Bibliography

-Quotationmarks

-Indirectquotations

Whenparaphrasingandsummarizing

--First,writeyourparaphraseandsummarywithoutlookingattheoriginaltext,soyourelyonlyonyourmemory.

--Next,checkyourversionwiththeoriginalforcontent,accuracy,andmistakenlyborrowedphrases

--Beginyoursummarywithastatementgivingcredittothesource:

AccordingtoJonathanKozol,...

--Putanyuniquewordsorphrasesthatyoucannotchange,ordonotwanttochange,inquotationmarks:

..."savageinequalities"existthroughoutoureducationalsystem（Kozol）.

Whenquotingdirectly

--Keeptheperson’snamenearthequoteinyournotes,andinyourpaper.

--Selectthosedirectquotesthatmakethemostimpactinyourpaper--toomanydirectquotesmaylessenyourcredibilityandinterferewithyourstyle

--Mentiontheperson’snameeitheratthebeginningofthequote,inthemiddle,orattheend.

--Putquotationmarksaroundthetextthatyouarequoting.

--Indicateaddedphrasesinbrackets（[]）andomittedtextwithellipses（...）

Whenquotingindirectly

--Keeptheperson’snamenearthetextinyournotes,andinyourpaper

--Rewritethekeyideasusingdifferentwordsandsentencestructuresthantheoriginaltext

--Mentiontheperson’snameeitheratthebeginningoftheinformation,orinthemiddle,oratthatend

--Doublechecktomakesurethatyourwordsandsentencestructuresaredifferentthantheoriginaltext

Decidingifsomethingis

"CommonKnowledge"

Materialisprobablycommonknowledgeif…

∙Youfindthesameinformationundocumentedinatleastfiveothersources.

∙Youthinkitisinformationthatyourreaderswillalreadyknow.

∙Youthinkapersoncouldeasilyfindtheinformationwithgeneralreferencesources.

ExercisesforPractice

Belowaresomesituationsinwhichwritersneedtodecidewhethertheyarerunningtheriskofplagiarizing.

IntheY/Ncolumn,indicateifyouwouldneedtodocument（Yes）,orifitisnotnecessarytoprovidequotationmarksoracitation（No）.Ifyoudoneedtogivethesourcecreditinsomeway,explainhowyouwouldhandleit.Ifnot,explainwhy.

Situation

Y/N

Ifyes,whatdoyoudo?

Ifno,why?

1.Youarewritingnew

insightsaboutyour

ownexperiences.

2.Youareusinganeditorialfromyourschool'snewspaper,whichyoudisagreewith.

3.Youusesomeinformationfromasourcewithout

everquotingitdirectly.

4.Youhavenootherway

ofexpressingtheexactmeaningofatextwithoutusingtheoriginalsource

verbatim（meaningword

forword）

Youmentionthatmanypeopleinyourdisciplinebelongtoacertainorganization.

5.YouwanttobeginyourpaperwithastorythatoneofyourclassmatestoldaboutherexperiencesinBosnia.

Thequoteyouwantto

useistoolong,soyou

leaveoutacoupleofphrases.

6.Youreallylikethe

particularphrasethat

somebodyelsemadeup,

soyouuseit.

___TheEnd__

Quotingandparaphrasingsources

（http:

//www.wisc.edu/writing/handbook/documentation.html）

I.Howtoavoidplagiarism

Whenusingsecondarysourcesinyourpapers,youcanavoidplagiarismbyknowingwhatmustbedocumented.

Specificwordsandphrases

Ifyouuseanauthor'sspecificwordorwords,youmustplacethosewordswithinquotationmarksandyoumustcreditthesource.

InformationandIdeas

Evenifyouuseyourownwords,ifyouobtainedtheinformationorideasyouarepresentingfromasource,youmustdocumentthesource.

--Information:

Ifapieceofinformationisn’tcommon

Knowledge（see#3below）,youneedto

provideasource.

---Ideas:

Anauthor'sideasmayincludenotonlythepointsmadeandconclusionsdrawn,butalso,forinstance,aspecificmethodortheory,thearrangementofmaterial,oralistofstepsinaprocessorcharacteristicsofamedicalcondition.Ifasourceprovidedanyofthese,youneedtoacknowledgethesource.

CommonKnowledge?

Youdonotneedtociteasourceformaterialconsideredcommonknowledge:

---Generalcommonknowledgeisfactualinformationconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain,suchasbirthanddeathdatesofwell-knownfigures,andgenerallyaccepteddatesofmilitary,political,literary,andotherhistoricalevents.Ingeneral,factualinformationcontainedinmultiplestandardreferenceworkscanusuallybeconsideredtobeinthepublicdomain.

---Field-specificcommonknowledgeis"common"onlywithinaparticularfieldorspecialty.Itmayincludefacts,theories,ormethodsthatarefamiliartoreaderswithinthatdiscipline.Forinstance,youmaynotneedtociteareferencetoPiaget’sdevelopmentalstagesinapaperforaneducationclassorgiveasourceforyourdescriptionofacommonlyusedmethodinabiologyreport,butyoumustbesurethatthisinformationissowidelyknownwithinthatfieldthatitwillbesharedbyyourreaders.

Ifindoubt,becautiousandcitethesource.

Inthecaseofbothgeneralandfield-specificcommonknowledge,ifyouusetheexactwordsofthereferencesource,youmustusequotationmarksandcreditthesource.

II.ShouldIparaphraseorquote?

---Ingeneral,usedirectquotationsonlyifyouhaveagoodreason.Mostofyourpapershouldbeinyourownwords.

---Inaddition,itisoftenconventionaltoquotemoreextensivelyfromsourceswhenyou'rewritingahumanitiespaper,andtosummarizefromsourceswhenyou'rewritinginthesocialornaturalsciences--buttherearealwaysexceptions.

---Inaliteraryanalysispaper,forexample,you'llwanttoquotefromtheliterarytextratherthansummarize,becausepartofyourtaskinthiskindofpaperistoanalyzethespecificwordsandphrasesanauthoruses.

---Inresearchpapers,youshouldquotefromasource

∙toshowthatanauthoritysupportsyourpoint.

∙topresentapositionorargumenttocritiqueorcommenton.

∙toincludeespeciallymovingorhistoricallysignificantlanguage.

∙topresentaparticularlywell-statedpassagewhosemeaningwouldbelostorchangedifparaphrasedorsummarized

---Youshouldsummarizeorparaphrasewhen

∙whatyouwantfromthesourceistheideaexpressed,andnotthespecificlanguageusedtoexpressit

∙youcanexpressinfewerwordswhatthekeypointofasourceis.

III.Successfulvs.unsuccessfulparaphrases

Paraphrasingisoftendefinedasputtingapassagefromanauthorinto“yourownwords.”However,whatareyourownwords?

Howdifferentmustyourparaphrasebefromtheoriginal.

Theparagraphsbelowprovideanexamplebyshowingapassageasitappearsinthesource,twoparaphrasesthatfollowthesourcetooclosely,andalegitimateparaphrase.

Thestudent’sintentionwastoincorporatethematerialintheoriginalpassageintoasectionofapaperontheconceptof“experts”thatcomparedthefunctionsofexpertsandnon-expertsinseveralprofessions.

1.ThePassageasItAppearsintheSource

Criticalcare