英美国家概况下册课后答案.docx

英美国家概况下册课后答案.docx

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英美国家概况下册课后答案

英语国家概况

（1）

（2）问题库答案

63.WhatwastheuniqueAmericanphenomenon?

Howdiditcomeintobeing?

Doyouthinkitstillexistsintoday'sAmericansociety?

63.HeisanAmerican,wholeavingbehindhimallhisancientprejudicesandmanners,receivesnewonesfromthenewmodeoflifehehasembraced,thenewgovernmentheobeys,andthenewrankheholds.…Hereindividualsofallnationsaremeltedintoanewraceofmen,whoselaborsandposteritywillonedaycausegreatchangesintheworld.…TheAmericanisanewman,whoactsuponnewprinciples;hemustthereforeentertainnewideas,andformnewopinions.…

64.InwhatwaydidPuritanisminfluenceAmericanculture?

64.NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbathandotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.RogerWilliams,oneofthePuritanswhoprotestedthatthestateshouldnotinterferewithreligion,wasdrivenoutofMassachusetts.In1635,hesetupRhodeIslandcolony,whichguaranteedreligiousfreedomandtheseparationofchurchandstate.ThePuritansalsohaveleftrichculturalheritagetofutureAmericans.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,respectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.

65.WhatarethetwopoliticalpartiesintheUnitedStates?

Doyouthinktheyarefundamentallydifferent?

65.theUnitedStateshastwomajorpoliticalparties.OneistheDemocraticParty,whichevolvedoutofThomasJefferson'sparty,formedbefore1800.Thesymbolofthepartyisthedonkey.TheotheristheRepublicanParty,whichwasformedinthe1850s,bypeopleinthestatesoftheNorthandWest,suchasAbrahamLincoln,whowantedthegovernmenttopreventtheexpansionofslaveryintonewstatesthenbeingadmittedtotheunion.ThesymboloftheRepublicanPartyistheelephant.

66.WhatistheBillofRights?

DoyouthinkthatitwasnecessarytowritetheBillofRightsexplicitlyintotheU.S.Constitution?

66.TheBillofRights:

thefirst10amendments,collectivelyknownastheBillofRights,wereaddedwithintwoyearsoftheadoptionoftheU.S.Constitution.Theseamendmentsremainintacttoday,astheywerewrittentwocenturiesago.Thefirstguaranteesfreedomofworship,speechandpress,therightofpeacefulassembly,andtherighttopetitionthegovernmenttocorrectwrongs.TheBillofRightsandsubsequentconstitutionalamendmentsguaranteetheAmericanpeoplethefullestpossibleopportunitytoenjoyfundamentalhumanrights.

67.WhydidtheArticlesofConfederationfail?

WasitnecessarytochangetheArticlesofConfederationandwriteanewconstitutionforthenewnationoftheUnitedStatesatthetime?

67.TheArticlesofConfederationfailedbecausethestatesdidnotcooperatewiththeCongressorwitheachother.WhentheCongressneededmoneytopaythenationalarmyortopaydebtsowedtoFranceandothernations,somestatesrefusedtocontribute.TheCongresshadbeengivennoauthoritytoforceanystatetodoanything.Itcouldnottaxanycitizen.Onlythestateinwhichacitizenlivedcoulddothat.

68.Whatisafederalsystem?

Whataresomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenafederalsystemandaconfederation?

68.TheConstitutionsetupafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.Afederalsystemisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstituentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.TheConstitutionalsocalledfortheelectionofanationalleader,orpresident.ItprovidedthatfederallawswouldbemadeonlybyaCongressmadeupofrepresentativeselectedbythepeople.ItalsoprovidedforanationalcourtsystemheadedbyaSupremeCourt.

69.WhataresomeofthemajorpowersofeachofthethreebranchesoftheU.S.government?

Howarethethreebranchessupposedtocheckandbalanceeachother?

69.IfCongressproposesalawthatthepresidentthinksisunwise,thepresidentcanvetoit.Thatmeanstheproposaldoesnotbecomelaw.Congresscanenactthelawdespitethepresident'sviewsonlyiftwo-thirdsofthemembersofbothhousesvoteinfavorofit.

IfCongresspassesalawwhichisthenchallengedinthecourtsasunconstitutional,theSupremeCourthasthepowertodeclarethelawunconstitutionalandthereforenolongerineffect.

Thepresidenthasthepowertomaketreatieswithothernationsandtomakeallappointmentstofederalpositions,includingthepositionofSupremeCourtjustice.TheSenate,however,mustapprovealltreatiesandconfirmallappointmentsbeforetheybecomeofficial.InthiswaytheCongresscanpreventthepresidentfrommakingunwiseappointments

70.Itisknowntoallthatbuyingandsellingstocksisariskybusiness.Whydoyouthinktherearestillsomanypeopleinvolvedinit?

70.Inordertoinvest,individualsdonothavetohaveagreatdealofmoney:

theycanbuyjustasmallportionofabusiness—calledashare.Thebusinessofbuyingandsellingsharesinenterpriseshasbecomesobigthatofficeshavehadtobesetupwherethesellingofshares,orstock,cantakeplace.Theseplaces,locatedinmanycitiesintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld,arecalledstockexchanges.Thebest-knownisperhapstheNewYorkStockExchange,locatedintheWallStreetareaofNewYorkCity,thenation'slargestcityandamajorbusinesscenter.

71.WhatpromotesthediversityinAmericanreligion?

71.Continuousimmigration.

72.InwhatwaydoyouthinkthatreligiousfreedomwasahistoricalnecessityintheUnitedStates?

72.AfewAmericansweresoinfluencedbythenewscienceandnewideasoftheEnlightenmentinEuropethattheybecamedeists,believingthatreasonteachesthatGodexistsbutleavesmanfreetosettlehisownaffairs.ManytraditionalProtestantsanddeistscouldagree,however,that,asTheDeclarationofIndependencestates,"allmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,"andthat"thelawsofNatureandNature'sGod"entitledthemtoformanewnation.Amongtherightsthatthenewnationguaranteed,asapoliticalnecessityinareligiouslydiversesociety,wasfreedomofreligion.TheFirstAmendmentinsuredthatAmericangovernmentwouldnotmeddleinreligiousaffairsorrequireanyreligiousbeliefsofitscitizens.

73.WhatistherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligioninAmerica?

73.Insomeways,thegovernmentsupportsallreligions.ReligiousgroupsdonotpaytaxesintheUnitedStates.Butgovernmentdoesnotpayministers'salariesorrequireanybelief—notevenabeliefinGod—asaconditionofholdingpublicoffice.Oathsareadministered,butthosewho,likeQuakers,objecttothem,canmakeasolemnaffirmation,ordeclaration,instead.

74.WhataresomeofthefeaturesinreligionthatareparticularlyAmerican?

WhataresomeofthemajordifferencesbetweenAmericanreligionandreligioninEurope?

74.Firstofall,Americanswithdifferentreligionslivetogetherunderthesamelaw.Secondly,thereligiousbeliefsofAmericanscontinuetobestrongwithsocialprogress.Thirdly,intheUnitedStateseverychurchisacompletelyindependentorganization,andconcernedwithitsownfinanceanditsownbuilding.

75.WhatisthemainthemeinAmericanliteratureaccordingtotheauthor?

Howdoestheauthorillustratehispoint?

75.ThequestingoftheAmericanpeoplehasindeedbeenadramaofmanyparts.Inonewayoranother,however,ithasalwaysbeena"pursuitofhappiness".Americanliteratureisthecontinuousnarrativeofthatpursuit.

76.WhydidMarkTwainwinsomanyreadersbothathomeandabroad?

76.MarkTwainwasthefirstmajorAmericanwritertobebornawayfromtheEastCoast.HegrewupinasmalltownonthebanksoftheMississippiRiverandreceivedonlyabasicpublicschooleducation.Hebeganworkinginaprinter'sshopwhenhewasstillaboy,andthisexperienceledtoaseriesofnewspaperjobsintheMidwestandtheWest.Twainwasanewvoice,anoriginalgenius,amanofthepeople,andhequicklywonreaders.

77.WhatarethemajorcharacteristicsofeducationinAmerica?

77.Americanshaveastrongtendencytoeducatetheirchildrenaboutmajorpublicconcerns—problemssuchasenvironmentalpollution,nuclearissues,neighborhoodcrimeanddrugs.Respondingtopublicpressure,boardsofeducationindifferentareasoftenaddcoursesonvariousrelevantissuestotheelementaryandsecondaryschoolcurriculum.

78.Whataresomeofthemajorthemesinnovelswrittenbythe"LostGeneration"?

78.The"LostGeneration"isatermusedtodescribethegenerationofyoungmenandwomenwhocametomaturityinthe20s.SomeofthemfoughtinWorldWarI.Theybecamedisgustedwithwaranddisillusionedwiththepost-warsociety.Theysharedthesamesenseofdislocation,rootlessnessanddisillusionment.

79.WhatisthegoalofeducationintheUnitedStates?

DiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinGreatBritain,theUnitedStatesandChinaconcerningthegoalsofeducation.

79.Thegoalis—andhasbeensincetheearlydecadesoftherepublic—toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.Thoughthisgoalhasnotyetbeenfullyachieved,itremainsanidealtowardwhichtheAmericaneducationalsystemisdirected.Theprogresswhichhasbeenmadeisnotablebothforitsscopeandfortheeducationalmethodswhichhavebeendevelopedintheprocessofachievingit.

80.WhatdoesanAmericanstudentlearn?

80.Americanstudentspassthroughseverallevelsofschooling—and