国际商务合同复习资料.docx
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国际商务合同复习资料
InternationalCommercialContracts
Contents
Chapter1:
TheRoleofContractsinInternationalCommerce……………….……………2
Chapter2:
IssuesAffectingInternationalContracts…………………………….………….4
Chapter3:
PartiestotheTransaction,Part1…………………………………….…………7
Chapter4:
DraftingtheInternationalContractforSaleofGoods……………….………..10
Chapter5:
TradeTermsandIncoterms…………………………………………………….22
Chapter6:
KeyIssuesinInternationalSalesContracts…………………………………..24
Chapter7:
PartiestotheTransaction,Part2……………………………………....………26
Chapter8:
DraftingPreciseContractProvisions…………………………….…..………27
Chapter9:
PartiestotheTransaction,Part3……………………………………….………28
Chapter10:
ContractDisputeResolution…………………………………..……..………29
Chapter11:
ContractFundamentalsinInternationalLegalSystems…………….………31
Chapter12:
OffertoSellGoods…………………………………………………….………..32
Chapter13:
MemorandumofSale………………………………………………….………..33
Chapter14--21:
TranslationofContractProvisions……………………………….………..34
Chapter22:
Glossary………………………………………………………………….……….38
Appendix1ExamModelandKeyProvisions……………………………………….……….43
Appendix2ContractSamples………………………………………………………………..46
Appendix3ContractStructure………………………………………………………….…….56
Appendix4Reference…………………………………………………………………………60
Chapter1TheRoleofContractsinInternationalCommerce
1.ReadingGuidance
Summary
RoscoePoundoncesaidthat“thesocialorderrestsuponthestabilityandpredictabilityofconduct,ofwhichkeepingpromisesisalargeitem.”Chinesecontracttextbookemphasizesthatcontractorcontractlawistoprovidethestabilityespeciallyoftransactionrelationshipinmarketeconomy,torealizethewilloftheparties,toprotectthelegalrightsoftheparties,andpromotesocialwelfare.
Theroleorimportanceofacontractinaninternationalcommerceincludesthefollows:
●Acontractcanestablishtherightsandobligationsofeachparty.
(seeCross-borderrightsandobligations);
●Afaircontractcanencouragetheperformanceofrightsandobligations;viceversa.
(seeBalanceofpower);
●Acontractcandecidehowtoresolvedisputesbeforetheyhappen.
(seeChoiceofremedies);
●Acontractcanbeenforcedtoseekremedyprovidednecessarytermsandformaremet.(seeNecessaryterms&Enforcement);and
●Acontractcan,tosomeextent,controltheapplicationofacountry’slawstoatransaction.(seeGoverninglaw)。
LeadingQuestions
Whatarethenormativefunctionsofinternationalcommercialcontracts?
Whatarethepossibleproblemswhichmayarisefrominternationalcommercialcontracts?
Howtosolvethepossibleproblemsofinternationalcommercialcontracts?
2.ReviewPoints复习要点
Choosethebestanswer选择题
Definition概念
1Acontractreferstoanagreementenforceableatlaw.Anagreementconsistsof________.
A.inquiryandreplyB.negotiationandbargaining
C.offerandcounter-offerD.offerandacceptance
2Acommercialcontract,insimplestterms,ismerelyanagreementmadeby_______partiesforthepurposeoftransactingbusiness.
A.oneormoreB.morethantwoC.threeD.twoormore
Basic/necessaryterms基本/必要条款
3Thefourbasictermsofacontractinclude_______.
A.governinglaw;theprice;timeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause;indemnityclause
B.thedescriptionofgoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;thetimeofdelivery;theprice;andthetimeandmeansofpayment
C.thedescriptionofgoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;Governinglaw;theprice;timeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause
D.thetimeofdelivery;theprice;andthetimeandmeansofpayment;warrantyclause
Balanceofpower实力均衡
4Inaninternationalsalescontract,thebalanceofpowerbetweencontractingparties________
A.canworkagainstthestrongerpartyincontractenforcement
B.canworkagainsttheweakerpartyincontractnegotiation
C.usuallytipstothepartywhoisnotfamiliarwithwrittencontracts
D.usuallytipsinfavorofthepartywhodoesnotdraftthecontract
1D2D3B4A
TrueorFalse判断题
Definition概念
5Inthebroadestsense,acontractissimplyanagreementthatdefinesarelationshipbetweenoneormoreparties.(B)
Acommercialcontract,insimplestterms,ismerelyanagreementmadebyoneormorepartiesforthepurposeoftransactingbusiness.(A)
BalanceofPower实力均衡
6Incross-bordertransactions,thebalanceofpowermaytiptowardthepartywhoismostfamiliarwithwrittencontractsandwhosecountryhasamorehighlydevelopedsystemofcontractenforcement.(A)
7Inthecontextofenforcement,thebalancepfpowercanworkagainsttheweakerpartyinacontractnegotiation.Courtsandarbitratorswillenforcetermseventhoughunreasonablyburdenonepartyorevenareotherwiseunconscionable.(B)
8Contractprovisionsaretypicallygivenastrictinterpretationinfavorofthepartywhodraftedtheterms,sincethatpartyhadtheopportunitytodraftaclearanddefinitecontract.(B)
9Theessenceofacontractisthemutualunderstandingreachedbytwopartieswhoholdadversepositionsagainsteachother.Inmostcontractualsituations,thereisabalancebetweenpowersoftwoparties.(B)
NecessaryTermsandEnforcement必要条款和强制实施
10Mostjurisdictionsrequirecertaincontractstobewrittentobeenforceable.Forexample,contractsforthesaleorleaseofrealpropertymayhavetobewrittentobeenforced.(A)
11Inmostcountries,partiestocommercialtransactionsmaymaketheirownbargainsfreeoflegalrestraints.However,inmostjurisdictions,thecourtswillenforceacontractonlyifthepartieshaveagreedtofourbasicterms:
(1)Thedescriptionofthegoodsintermsoftype,quantity,andquality;
(2)Thetimeofdelivery;(3)TheInsurance;(4)TheMethodsofDisputeResolution.(B)
Cross-borderRightsandObligations跨境权利和义务
12Itisimportanttoestablishclearlytherightsandobligationsofeachpartyinacontract.Ifthesetermsareabsentorambiguous,thepartieswillprobablynotbeabletoperformthecontractwithoutfirstmodifyingtheterms.(A)
13Toavoidanunfavorableanduncertainresult,itisbesttodefineyourrightsandobligationsinawrittencontractwhenyouaredealingacrosscountryborders.(A)
Itisagoodwaytorelyontrendsorimpliedcontractterms.Youshouldnotstateyourintentinclearanddefinitewrittenterms.(B)
ChoiceofRemedies救济选择
14Thebesttimetodecidehowtohandleaconflictisatthetimethecontracthasbeenmadewhenbothpartiesholddisputestowardthebargain.(B)
Chapter2IssuesAffectingInternationalContracts
1ReadingGuidance
Summary
Theremightbemanyissuesaffectinginternationalcontracts.Thischapterintroducesthegeneralissues,suchaslegalissues,politicalissues,culturalissues,globalizationissues,andinternetissues.Bearinmind,economicorcommercialissuesareobviouslyimportanttobeconsideredinthatmostinternationalcontractsseektobeprofitable,whichistobeintroducedinthecostanalysisofchapter3.
LeadingQuestions
Ingeneral,whataretheissuesaffectinginternationalcontracts?
Whatisbusinesscultureandhowdoesitaffectinternationalcontracts?
Whatarethesignsandimplicationoftrendtowardglobalization?
Whatistheroleofpolitics?
Whatistheroleoflaws?
Whatistheroleofinternet?
Afterunderstandingtheabovequestions,howshouldthepartiestoacontractdealwiththemwhendraftingornegotiatingcontractterms?
2ReviewExercises
Choosethebestanswer选择题
1Theissuesaffectinginternationalcontractsmayinclude____________.D
A.lawsandregulationsB.politicalandeconomicissues
C.culturalandcustomsD.alloftheabove
2Togainevidenceofpersonalcommitmentincross-bordertransaction,youshouldremember___________.C
A.youmustinsistonawrittenformalorinformalcontract
B.partiesusuallyoperateinsimilarway
C.partiesusuallyoperatebydifferentbusinesspractice
D.timelyperformancealwayshasthesameimportancetotheotherpartyasitdoestoyou
3Ifyoutrytomakealong-termtraderelationshipwiththeotherparty,youshould__________.D
A.alwaystotakeafastpaceB.alwaystotakeaslowpace
C.alwaysbeaggressivetoprotectyourowninterests
D.bepatientandbeawareoftheotherparty’ssignalsthatindicateyoushouldspeeduptheprocess
4Whentrytomakeacontractwiththeotherpartyinasocietywhererelationshipsaremorevaluedthancontracts,itisalwaysnecessaryforyouto_________.C
A.sendadetailedinquirytotheotherpartyassoonaspossible
B.adheretotheletterofthecontract
C.researchthegeneralbusinesscustomsforthatcountryatfirst
Dmaketheproposedcontractyourbasisoftherelationship
5Intheareaofinternationalsalesofgoods,oneofthemostimportantdevelopmentshasbeentheadoptionbymembernationsoftheUnitedNationsofthe_________.B
A.WTOrulesB.CISGC.NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement
DUnitedStatesAndeanTradePreferenceActof1991
6TheCISGwasfinalizedattheUnitedNationsconventioninViennaon________.A
A.April11,1980B.June5,1981C.April14,1990D.July5,1983
7Amongthefollowingcontracts,whichoneisnotapplicabletotheCISG?
D
A.AsaleofsteelB.AsaleofriceC.AsaleofoilD.Asaleofstocks
8Asofinternational(contract)law,________________.D
A.CISGcoversalltheinternationaltradecontracts
B.ingeneralitiswisetorelyonthelaw,especiallyinternational,forimpliedcontractualterms
C.theintentbehindadoptinginternationallawsistocorrectthemistakesofthenationallaw
Dtheintentbehindadoptinguniform,internationallawsistoensurethatallpartiestoacross-bordertransactionaresubjecttothesamesetofrules.
9Wh