机械英语.docx
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机械英语
机电英语文献摘录
工程概论
先进制造技术
机械原理与零件
设计与制图
材料与加工
计算机控制
机器人与机电一体化产品
技术文献检索
上海大学
机电工程与自动化学院
2008.8
目录
1工程概论
1.1TheEngineeringProfession工程专业4
1.2IndustryandTechnology工业和技术6
1.3ModernManufacturing现代制造业10
2先进制造技术
2.1AgileManufacturing敏捷制造14
2.2LeanProduction精益生产16
2.3VirtualManufacturing虚拟制造17
2.4ConcurrentEngineering并行工程19
3机械原理与零件
3.1GeneralConsiderations机械概述20
3.2TheSimpleMachine简单机械26
3.3Mechanisms机构30
3.4Gears齿轮33
3.5Cams凸轮40
3.6Linkages连杆机构42
3.7Belt带传动47
3.8Couplings,Clutches,Breaks联轴器、离合器、制动器52
3.9Bearings轴承59
4设计与制图
4.1DesignEngineerandDesignMethodology设计工程师与设计方法X
4.2CreativeDesign创新设计X
4.3MechanicalEngineeringDesign机械工程设计X
4.4IntroductiontoDrawing工程制图X
5材料与加工
5.1MetalMaterials金属材料X
5.2FiveBasicMachiningTechniques五种基本机械加工技术X
5.3LaserMachining激光加工X
6计算机控制
6.1Computer计算机X
6.2DevelopmentHistoryofComputerUse计算机应用的发展历史X
6.3ComputerIntegratedManufacturing计算机集成制造X
6.4Automation自动化X
6.5ArtificialIntelligence人工智能X
7机器人与机电一体化产品
7.1Mechatronics机电一体化X
7.2DevelopmentofRobotSystems机器人系统的发展X
7.3MechanicalDesignofanIndustrialRobot工业机器人中的机械设计X
7.4AutomaticTellerMachine自动柜员机X
7.5MicroscopicMachines微型机械X
8技术文献检索
8.1EngineeringIndex工程索引X
8.2Patent专利X
8.3TheInternet国际互联网X
TheEngineeringProfession
(工程专业)
1Engineeringisoneoftheoldestoccupationsinhistory.Withouttheskillsincludedinthebroadfieldofengineering,ourpresent-daycivilizationnevercouldhaveevolved.Thefirsttoolmakerswhochippedarrowsandspearsfromrockweretheforerunnersofmodernmechanicalengineers.Thecraftsmenwhodiscoveredmetalsintheearthandfoundwaystorefineandusethemweretheancestorsofminingandmetallurgicalengineers.Andtheskilledtechnicianswhodevisedirrigationsystemsanderectedthemarvelousbuildingsoftheancientworldwerethecivilengineersoftheirtime.OneoftheearliestnamesthathascomedowntousinhistoryisthatofImhotep,thedesignerofthesteppedpyramidatSakkarainEgyptabout3,000B.C.
2Engineeringisoftendefinedasmakingpracticalapplicationoftheoreticalsciencessuchasphysicsandmathematics.Manyoftheearlybranchesofengineeringwerebasednotonsciencebutonempiricalinformationthatdependedonobservationandexperienceratherthanontheoreticalknowledge.ThosewhodevisedmethodsforsplittingthemassiveblocksthatwereneededtobuildStone-henceinEnglandortheuniquepyramidsofEgyptdiscoveredtheprincipleofthewedgebytrialforthepyramidswereprobablyraisedintoplacebymeansoframpsofearththatsurroundedthestructuresastheyrose;itwasapracticalapplicationoftheinclinedplane,eventhoughtheconceptwasnotunderstoodintermsthatcouldbequantifiedorexpressedmathematically.
3Quantificationhasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsfortheexplosionofscientificknowledgesincethebeginningofthemodernageinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.Anotherimportantfactorhasbeenthedevelopmentoftheexperimentalmethodtoverifytheories.Quantificationinvolvesputtingthedataorpiecesofinformationresultingfromexperimentationintoexactmathematicalterms.Itcannotbestressedtoostronglythatmathematicsisthelanguageofmodernengineering.
4Sincethenineteenthcenturybothscientificandpracticalapplicationofitsresultshaveescalated.Themechanicalengineernowhasthemathematicalabilitytocalculatethemechanicaladvantagethatresultsfromthecomplexinteractionofmanydifferentmechanisms.Heorshehasnewandstrongermaterialstoworkwithandenormousnewsourceofpower.TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganbyputtingwaterandsteamtowork;sincethenmachinesusingelectricity,gasoline,andotherenergysourceshavebecomesowidespreadthattheynowdoaverylargeproportionoftheworkoftheworld.
5Oneresultoftherapidexpansionofscientificknowledgewasanincreaseinthenumberofscientificandengineeringspecialities.Bytheendofthenineteenthcenturynotonlyweremechanical,civil,andminingandmetallurgicalengineeringestablishedbutthenewerspecialtiesofchemicalandelectricalengineeringemerged.Thisexpansionhascontinuedtothepresentday.Wenowhave,forexample,nuclear,petroleum,aerospace,andelectronicengineering.Withinthefieldofeachengineeringtherearesubdivisions.
6Forexample,withinthefieldofcivilengineeringitself,therearesubdivisions:
structuralengineering,whichdealswithpermanentstructure;hydraulicengineering,whichisconcernedwithsystemsinvolvingtheflowandcontrolofwaterorotherfluids;andsanitaryorenvironmentalengineering,whichinvolvesthestudyofwatersupply,purification,andsewersystems.Themajorsubdivisionofmechanicalengineering’sindustrialengineeringwhichisconcernedwithcompletemechanicalsystemsforindustryratherthanindividualmachines.
7Anotherresultoftheincreaseinscientificknowledgeisthatengineeringhasgrownintoaprofession.Aprofessionisanoccupationlikelaw,medicine,orengineeringthatrequiresspecialized,advancededucation;indeed,theyareoftencalledthe“learnedprofessions.”Untilthenineteenthcentury,engineersgenerallywerecraftsmenorprojectorganizerswholearnedtheirskillsthroughapprenticeship,on-the-jobtraining,ortrialanderror.Nowadays,manyengineersspendyearsstudyingatuniversitiesforadvanceddegree.Yeteventhoseengineerswhodonotstudyforadvanceddegreesmustbeawareofchangesintheirfieldandthoserelatedtoit.
8Thus,thewordengineerisusedintwowaysinEnglish.Oneusagereferstotheprofessionalengineerwhohasauniversitydegreeandeducationinmathematics,science,andoneoftheengineeringspecialties.Engineer,however,isalsousedtorefertoapersonwhooperatesormaintainsanengineormachine.Anexcellentexampleistherailroadlocomotiveengineerwhooperatesatrain.Engineersinthissenseareessentiallytechniciansratherthanprofessionalengineers.
IndustryandTechnology
(工业和技术)
1Scienceisthestudyofthelawsofnature.Technologyistheapplicationofscienceforsomepracticalpurpose.Industry,inturn,usestechnologytoproducetheproductsweuseeveryday.
2Themethodsusedbypeopletomakethingsareconstantlychanging.Forexample,inancienttimes,ifsomeoneneededachair,hehadtomakeitbyhimself.Lateron,thepeoplewhowereespeciallygoodatmakingchairsandotherfurniturebecamecabinetmakers.Theydidnothingelsebutmakingwoodenarticleswhichtheysoldortradedtootherpeople.Thesecraftspeoplehadtobeveryskilled.Theyhadtoknowaboutthedifferentkindsofwoodandhowtoseasonit.Theyhadtodesignfurnitureandthereforeknowjoinerymethods.Theyhadtoknowhowtousetoolstoworkthewoodandwhatkindoffinishestouseandhowtoapplythem.Inotherwords,theyhadtoknowaboutallaspectsoftheircraft.
3Acabinetmakerwithasuccessfulbusinesscouldnotdoalltheworkalone.Otherpeoplewerehiredandtrainedtohelp,anda“cottageindustry”began.Cottageindustriesweresmallfactories,withafewworkers,locatedinornearacraftperson’shome.Herelaborwasdividedupaccordingtoskill.Forexample,anapprenticemightcutlogsintoboardsandsmooththemintolumber.Thecraftpersonwasthenfreetousehisspecialskillstodesignandmakefurnitureorcabinets.
4Withtheindustrialrevolutioninthelate1700s,thefactorysystemofproductionbegan.Nowthecabinetmakerstartedafurniturefactorywherelargenumbersofpeopleworkedathighlyspecializedjobs.Onepersonmadeonlychairlegs,anotheronlytheseat.Machinesweredevelopedtoaidthepeopleintheirworkandtomakethemmoreproductive.Asmoreandbettermachines,newermethodsofjoiningandworkingwoods,andbetter,moreefficientmass-productiontechniquesweredeveloped,themodernfactoryemerged.
5ProductDesignThenexttimeyouuseatooltodoajobaroundthehouse,takethetimetostudyit.Doesthetoolworkasitshould?
Doesthewrenchholdthenutsecurely,orthechiselcutasitshould?
Havetherightmaterialsbeenusedtomakethetoolstrongenough?
Isthetoolcomfortabletoholdandwellbalanced?
Ifyouansweryes,theobjectisprobablywelldesigned.
6Tools,likeallotherproductsofindustry(sportsequipment,automobiles,chairs,knivesandforks,anddozensofitemsthatyouuseeachday)wereplannedandmadetodocertainjobsandtomakeyourlifebetter.Thepeoplewhoplantheseproductsarecalleddesigners.Theyworkintheresearchanddevelopmentdepartmentsofindustries.Theirjobistodesignnewandbetterproductsandtoimproveoldones.Iftheseproductsworkastheyshould,iftheyaremadeoftherightmaterialsandinterestingtolookat,theyarewelldesigned.Ifnot,theproductswillbepoor.
7Homesandotherbuildingarealsodesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthesestructuresarecalledarchitects.Thebuildingstheydesignmustmeettheneedsofthepeoplewhoaretousethem.Thematerialstobeused,thesizeandarrangementoftherooms,theefficientuseofenergy---allthesemustbeconsideredasthearchitectplansthebuilding.
8WhatisDesign?
Verysimply,designingisplanning.Todoitwellyoumustthinkcarefullyabouttheproductyouwishtomake.Itshouldbeoriginalwork---yourworkandnotsomeoneelse’s.Inotherwords,youmustbecreative.Designingiscreativeplanningtomeetsomespecialhumanneed.
9Inordertobegood,theproductthatyouaredesigningshouldmeetthreerequirements:
---Itshouldworkproperly(functionalrequirement).
---Itmustbemadeofthe