全国通用高考英语复习第1讲 名词和冠词.docx

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全国通用高考英语复习第1讲 名词和冠词.docx

全国通用高考英语复习第1讲名词和冠词

第1讲 名词和冠词

(一)名词

[析考点·规律探密]                  真题体验 透视命题规律

课提示:

对应学生用书第8页

语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格,以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。

短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转换等。

解答有关名词的题目时,一定要注意名词前的修饰成分,如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等,判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词。

【考点练悟】(单句语法填空)

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'mascientist(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.

2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveralinvitations(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.

3.(2016·四川卷)Anysmellmightattractnaturalenemies_(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdays(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.

5.(2018·桂林市联考)Tothem,lifeisa_competition(compete)—theyhavetodobetterthantheirpeerstobehappy.

6.(2018·济南期末检测)Julieisoneofthewomen(woman)whoalwayskeepupwiththelatestfashions.

7.(2018·漳州市八校联考)Chances(chance)arethatyouwillreceivethreedifferentanswers.

8.(2018·昆明第一中学适应性训练)Engelbart,theinventorofthecomputermouse,developedthemouseinthe1960sasausefultooltoassistthecomputer,obtainingapatentforitlongbeforethemouse's(mouse)widespreaduse.

[规律总结]

1.提示词为名词时,分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变,则一般考查所给名词的复数形式;如果作定语表示“……的”,则一般考查名词的所有格。

2.当确定所填词是可数名词时,需要考虑其单复数问题。

除了根据上下文语境之外,还可以通过以下信息判断:

(1)名词前不定冠词a/an后用名词单数形式。

(2)有these,those,several,many,all,both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。

(3)名词前有oneof时用名词复数形式。

(4)如果空格处作主语,且谓语动词是单数形式,则空格处应填名词单数形式;若谓语动词是复数形式,则空格处应填名词复数形式。

【考点练悟】

(单句改错 请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle,Friday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.

答案:

WhenIwaslittle,

nightwasourfamilygamenight.

2.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.

答案:

Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,and

aswell.

3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Theyhavealsoboughtsomegardeningtools.Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheInternet.

答案:

Theyhavealsoboughtsomegardeningtools.Besides,theyoftengetsomeuseful

fromtheInternet.

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.

答案:

Theteenage

from13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.

5.(2016·四川卷)Momhasafulltimejob,butshehastodomostofthehouseworks.

答案:

Momhasafulltimejob,butshehastodomostofthe

.

6.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.

答案:

Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessis

.

[规律总结]

[刷题组·题型突破]                  即时演练 巩固复习成果

授课提示:

对应学生用书第9页

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.(2018·合肥一中期末)WhenSammylookedup,thetrainwasjustacoupleoffeet(foot)away.

2.(2018·银川一中模拟)Everycountrysharesthingsincommon:

wevaluefamily,cherishhealth,andcelebratelargefestivals(festival).

3.(2018·广东揭阳市第二次模拟)Thereisagrowingtendency(tend)forpeopletoworkathomeinsteadofinoffices.

4.Totalkbeforethewholeclass,hewasterriblyshy.However,hehadnootherchoice/choices_(choose),though.

5.(2018·新疆一检)ItwillcertainlybeofgreathelptoTom,ifthereisagoodenvironment,enoughbooksandequipment(equip),aswellasinstructionfromhisteachersandfriends.

6.(2018·陕西师大附中模拟)Peoplelivingindifferentcountrieshavemadedifferentkindsofwords(word).

7.(2018·山东青岛一中模拟)TheywerethekindthatIdidnothaveinmycollection(collect)soIplacedthemcarefullyinmybag.

8.Hewasunconfidentofhimself,forhethoughtofhimselfasafailure_(fail)andunworthyofsuccess.

9.Theyarealwaysgatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandtheyaremakingpreparations(prepare)forthelongcoldwinter.

10.Yesterdaythefiremen(fireman)examinedthegroundbutwerenotabletofindanycluestothecauseofthefire.

Ⅱ.单句改错(请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)

1.(2018·陕西师大附中模拟)It'soneofthemostbeautifulviewthatI'veeverseeninChina.

答案:

It'soneofthemostbeautiful

thatI'veeverseeninChina.

2.(2018·广州模拟)Mysonthinksthatlifeislikeabattlefieldandwehavetolosemanytimetowinthefinalvictory.

答案:

Mysonthinksthatlifeislikeabattlefieldandwehavetolosemany

towinthefinalvictory.

3.Policesaidthemanwasdangertothepublic.

答案:

Policesaidthemanwas

tothepublic.

4.Myfavoritesportisbadminton,whichbringsmemuchhappy.

答案:

Myfavoritesportisbadminton,whichbringsmemuch

.

5.Ithinkyoucanmakeitifyoucanfollowtheadvicesbelow.

答案:

Ithinkyoucanmakeitifyoucanfollowthe

below.

6.Ialwayshaveenoughfoodtoeat,abigroomtolivein,andbeautifulclothtowear.

答案:

Ialwayshaveenoughfoodtoeat,abigroomtolivein,andbeautiful

towear.

7.Weneedtotakeactiontodevelopasoundsystemthatadvocatesgoodbehaviorandkeepallnecessaryrequirementsinminds.

答案:

Weneedtotakeactiontodevelopasoundsystemthatadvocatesgoodbehaviorandkeepallnecessaryrequirementsin

.

8.BillyandIaregoodfriends.IhavesomepicturesofBilly's.Lookatthisone.Howsweetheissmiling!

答案:

BillyandIaregoodfriends.Ihavesomepicturesof

.Lookatthisone.Howsweetheissmiling!

Ⅲ.语法填空

Homecomingisthetraditionofwelcomingbackformerstudentsandcelebratingaschool's1.__________(exist)intheUnitedStates.People,towns,highschools,andcollegescometogether,usuallyinlateSeptemberorearlyOctober,towelcomebackalumni(校友)andformerresidents.It2.____________(build)aroundacentralevent,suchasabanquetand,mostoften,agameoffootball,or,3.____________occasion,basketball,icehockeyorsoccer.Whencelebratedbyschools,theactivitiesvarywidely.However,theyusuallyconsistofafootballgame,activitiesforstudentsandalumni,aparade4.____________(feature)theschool'smarchingbandandsportsteams,andthecoronation(加冕)of5.____________(it)HomecomingQueen,orHomecomingKing.Adancecommonlyfollowsthegameorthedayafterthegame.6.____________(attach)toafootballgame,Homecomingtraditionallyoccursontheteam'sreturnfromthelongestroadtripoftheseason.Thegame,7.____________itisfootballoranothersport,willtypicallyincludethehometeamplayinga8.____________(considerable)weakeropponent.Thegameissupposedtobe9.____________easywinandthusweakerschoolswillsometimesplay10.____________(low)divisionschools.

[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,主要介绍了有关美国返校节的内容。

1.解析:

考查名词。

分析句子结构可知,空处作celebrating的宾语,应用所给词的名词形式。

existence表示“存在”。

答案:

existence 

2.解析:

考查动词的时态和语态。

返校节以一个中心事件为基础。

此处介绍的是通常的客观情况,故用一般现在时;主语It指代上文的Homecoming,它和build之间为动宾关系,此处要用被动语态。

答案:

isbuilt 

3.解析:

考查介词。

onoccasion“偶尔,有时”,与上文中的mostoften相对应。

答案:

on 

4.解析:

考查非谓语动词。

feature在此作动词,意为“以……为特色”,与aparade存在逻辑上的主谓关系,应使用现在分词作后置定语。

答案:

featuring 

5.解析:

考查代词。

本题看似简单,但是要弄清楚空处指代的对象比较难,因为空前出现了theschool,marchingband,sportsteams,thecoronation。

但是根据句意“然而,活动通常包括足球比赛……以学校的乐队、运动队伍为特色的游行和返校节皇后或国王的加冕”可知,返校节皇后或国王应该是学校的,空处指代“学校的”,故填its。

答案:

its 

6.解析:

考查非谓语动词。

attach与其逻辑主语Homecoming之间为动宾关系,故应用其过去分词形式作状语。

答案:

Attached 

7.解析:

考查状语从句。

不管是足球还是另外的运动,比赛通常包括……。

根据后面的or可知,此处用whether“不管……(还是)”引导让步状语从句。

答案:

whether 

8.解析:

考查副词。

此处表示“弱得相当多的对手”,修饰形容词应用副词。

答案:

considerably 

9.解析:

考查冠词。

win作名词表示“(在比赛、竞赛中的)胜利”时通常为可数名词,且空后是读音以元音音素开头的单词,故填an。

答案:

an 

10.解析:

考查形容词比较级。

根据句意以及上文中的“weakerschools”可知,此处应使用比较级。

答案:

lower 

Ⅳ.短文改错

Inordertosavetheplanetorraisepublicawarenessofenvironmentalissues,a“UsedBookDonationCampaign”willcarriedoutinourschoolnextmonth.Anyusedbookwenolongerneeditcanbedonated.AllthecollectedbookwillbedonatedtosomechildrenwholivedinpoormountainousareasofWestChina.I'msurethiscampaignwillhaveagreateffectoneveryoneinvolving.Ontheonehand,wecanplayaimportantpartinrecyclingresourcesfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.Ontheotherhand,somechildrenwillbenefitfromthoseusedbooksgreat.That'swhyit'sdifficultforthemtohaveaccessfrombooks.

答案:

Inordertosavetheplanet

raisepublicawarenessofenvironmentalissues,a“UsedBookDonationCampaign”will

carriedoutinourschoolnextmonth.Anyusedbookwenolongerneed

canbedonated.Allthecollected

willbedonatedtosomechildrenwho

inpoormountainousareasofWestChina.I'msurethiscampaignwillhaveagreateffectoneveryone

.Ontheonehand,wecanplay

importantpartinrecyclingresourcesfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.Ontheotherhand,somechildrenwillbenefitfromthoseusedbooks

.That's

it'sdifficultforthemtohaveaccess

books.

(二)冠词

[析考点·规律探密]                  真题体验 透视命题规律

授课提示:

对应学生用书第10页

冠词是语法填空题的常考点,经常考查不定冠词a,an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。

解答冠词类题目时,首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指,如果是前者用the,后者则需要再判断用a还是an。

短文改错中的冠词类题目,除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外,还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词,同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。

【考点练悟】(单句语法填空)

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly,I'mfacetofacewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingatthetopofherlungs.

2.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.

3.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead,sheisearning£6,500adayasa_modelinNewYork.

4.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.

5.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsideforawhile,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.

6.(2015·广东卷)Heownedafarm,whichlookedalmostabandoned.

7.(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Theadobedwellings(土坯房)builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeventhemostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.

8.(2018·济宁市模拟)Later,Hongbaodevelopedintomoregeneralbestwishesandablessingontheyoung.

[规律总结]

(一)不定冠词的基本用法

1.表示泛指某个人或事物。

2.用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前,表示泛指。

3.表示“某一个”,相当于acertain。

4.用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。

5.用于固定搭配中。

(二)定冠词的基本用法

1.特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。

2.用于单数可数名词或形容词前,表示一类人或物。

3.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等之前。

4.用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。

5.用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数前,表示某个年代。

6.用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。

7.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。

【考点练悟】

(单句改错 请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.

答案:

Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwentto

countrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.

2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthem,myparentswouldnotletme.

答案:

As

kid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthem,myparentswouldnotletme.

3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Theylivefarfromtheschool,andittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.

答案:

Theylivefarfromtheschool,andittakesthemabout

hourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.

4.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Aroundmeinpicturearethethingsthatwereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime:

carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.

答案:

Aroundmein

picturearethethingsthatwereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime:

carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.

5.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsofbecomingrichintheshortperiodoftime.

答案:

Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsofbecomingrichin

shortperiodoftime.

6.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Butint

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