律师论文 英文ok.docx

律师论文 英文ok.docx

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律师论文英文ok

Chapter7Athereticalinterpretationtorationalityofmediaculture

Therationalityofmediaculturethatinvolvescontentandvaluesystemofmediaactivities,itincludesreasonablevaluationofmediacontent,aestheticcharacteristicsofmediacontent,generalprinciplesofproduction,circulation,consumptionofmediacontent,andsomecrucialfactorswhichrestrictandcontrolmediacontent.Thewesternmediacriticalschoolhadmadealargenumbercriticalstudiestovalueanqulationofmediacontentofthewesternsociety,theconditioningphenomenonsofparturitionandcirculationofmediaproduction,andthealienationphenomenonsintheconsumptionprocessofmediumproducts,butowingtotheschoolpersistedinunitaryideologystand,theydidnotrevealthecorrectwaythatinunderstandingtherationalityofmediaandculturetofolkintheirmanystudies.Infact,epistemologyandaxiologyisaimportantangleinunderstandingandrevealingtherationalityofmediaandculturecorrectly,ifweregardmediaandcultureasakindoftoolthatreflectandrecognizetheworld,andregardmediacultureassomekindofsocialvaluesystem,inthatway,therationalityshouldembodyinchasingtruthandfact,cultivatingexcellentnationalpersonality,advocatingdemocracyandfreevalues,etc.

Inaddition,themarketcirculation,varietiesallocationaswellastechniquefeatureofmediacultureproductionconstitutethreeouterdimensionalityoftherationalityofmediaculture.Infact,mediacultureproductsincludedmanyvarietiessuchasnews,criticism,informationandamusement,amongthevarieties，itshouldhaveareasonableproportionconfigurationcomparatively,themarketismainmotivepowerthatdrivingandformingthereasonableconfiguration.Intherapidexpansionofmediatechnologies,ithavebeenexpeditingrichandcolorfulformsandcontentsofmediacultureincreasingly,itgiverisetonewchallengetoperceptionandcognitionrationalityofhumanbeings.

Ⅰ.Misunderstandingsofthewesternmedia-criticaltheories

Regardmediaasacarrierofculture,bringmediacultureintosomekindofculturevaluesystemandcriticizeit,thisisanimportantworkthatintellectualshavetodosincemediaindustryflourishinginmoderntimes,thusthetheorythatderiveithavebeencalledmediacriticaltheorytraditionly,thesetheoryschoolsincludetheearlyFrankfurtschool,theBritishculturalschool,thelaterFrankfurtschool,andpostmodernism，etc.Theschoolscriticizedmediacultureviolentlyinmanylayersandanglessuchaspolitics,cultureandeconomy.ButthesetheoryfootholdofgenresstillbeestablisheduponMarx’sideologytheoryandclassstruggletheory,ifwedemolishso-calledculturecommodity,cultureindustry,single-trackperson,inflexiblereproduction,culturehegemony,andcommonalityfieldunderAdorno，Marcuse，Merkharm,andremovetheseconceptsandtermssuchastoolrationality,alienation,afterdeoxidationonlyremainingthesentence:

so-calledcapitalismmassmediadelivernothingbutculturalvaluesandideologyofcapitalism,undercapitalismsystem,excepteconomyoppress,becausetheproletariathavetobeoppressedbythebourgeoisiemassmedia,andenslavedbypoliticsandcultureadditionally.UsuallypeopleciteasentenceofMarcuse，massmedia“spreadindispensablevaluestandard,theyprovidedfinishedbreedingsuchasefficiency,will,personality,aspirationandadventure,etc.”1Onthisaccounttoprovetheownerofmassmediahavecontrolledallthemediumcultureandvalues,thetheoristswhospreadpoliticaleconomysuchasMurdoch，Chomsky，Schiller，theyattemptedtotestifythatprivatecapitalalsogetthroughadvertisementtoaffectandcontroltheprocedureofmediaproductioncontinuallybesidesmassmediaindustry,anotherpredecessorofpoliticaleconomy,CanadascholarSmeisscreatedaudiencecommoditytheory,hethinkwhenconsumerenjoyingproductssimultaneously,infacttheyalsoparticipateincreatingmediumproductsvalue,butaudiencehavetopayforadvertisementexpensesofadvertisingproducts,consequentlyconsumersufferdoubleexploitation.ItseemsGyorgyLukacs、Habermasevenmorepaycloseattentiontohumanbeing’salienationundercapitalismmassmediadomination,intheirviewthealienationmainlyreflectsintheprocessofcultureconsumption,theythinkmassmediaisadesignerofcapitalism“enforcedconsumptionpolicy”,andmassmedialeadenormous“falserequirement”,giverisetoreversalbetweenhumanbeingandsubstanceincapitalismsociety,aswellasalienation.Alongthethinking,atlastwestmediumculturecriticsnotonlydespairforcapitalist,butalsotheproletariat,theyallege“nowadays,theworkingclasshavealreadybecomecompletelyworthlessbecauseofmediuminlargemeasure,butbecomeapartofalllivingthingswholivingingreatpainfromabroadestsense,meltintomodernsociety……theworkingclasshavealreadybecomeagroupoflanguishedcommonplacepersons,andtheyhavebeenmanipulatinguniversallybymediumandpopularculture.”2IntheWest,thereisalwaysnolackofpowerfulcriticstoFrankfurtschool,afterthegenre’stheorytranslatedintoChina,alsocausepeopletosuspectandcriticizeunceasingly,ZhuXueqinalsothink“justlikeFrankfurtschool,fetchtouse,andneverdecrease,andmanypeoplefollowit,butallalongnevergetacademiccheckout,itseemsreallyseldomseen.”Andhealsosaid:

“so-calledculturecriticism,nodoubttakealosertoculturefield,andtoattackatargetthatcannotcapturethanforegoingtarget,thenewtargetbecalled‘culture’.”3WhatZhuXueqinsaidthatforegoingtargetjustpointtoMarxists’politicsandculturecriticismtocapitalismsociety.ItseemsthatYuhai’sevaluationismoremoderatetoFrankfurtschool,hesaid:

“thecriticismoftheoristsofFrankfurtschooltomoderncapitalismsocietyattaintounusuallyfurious,thereisnolackofdepth,quick-wittedideasamongthem,”insummary,thisisakindofrepudiatethatidealismandhumanismstand,thereforetheirrepudiateonlyremainpurenegationstage.Theirtheoryfellfreetoberelentlessforrealityincriticizing,butassoonasrefertofuture“becastintotheshade”,theydidnotpointoutthetruggleobjectivethatinspiredwithenthusiasm.4Itseemsmediumcrticaltheoristsdonotprobemodernmediumculturerationalityproblemsatall,butcriticizethenon-rationalofmediacultureinsistently,buttheirtheorypremiseandrealitypremisebywhichitiscriticized，bothexistfairlyproblem.Thefoundamentalsoilisconstitutionalcountry,societywithruleoflaw,thatmodernculturegrowtomaturityhealthy,andfoundamentalpremiseisfreethatviewsonpolitics;inasocietyofconstitutionalgovernmentandrulebylaw,owingtocountriesguaranteefoundamentalhumanrightsandfreethinkingspeech,accordingtolaw,manyphenomenonsbeexaggeratedseriouslybyscholarswhocriticizemedium.Theusedideologyframecanbeinsufficientofexplainingandcriticizingmidiumculturephenomenonsinconstitutiongovernedbylawsociety,becauseinasocietyofconstitutionalgovernmentandrulebylaw,peopleusuallycomplywithdemocracyfreedomandequalprinciple,theseprinciplesandideashavealreadyexcretedideologytheorythatcenteringonclassstruggleandforcerevolution,theexistingspaceofusedideologyhavebeenextrusionedandeliminated.

Ⅱ.Therationalityofmediacultureinthemeaningofepistemology

Inphilosophy,rationalityfirstlypointoutthatisasortsofnoermastructure,aswellasakindofabilitythatperceiveandrecognizetruth.Aristotlesaid:

“humanbeingsisrationalcreature”,Cicerodeclared:

“impeccablerationalityexistingonourhumannaturedepths”,thestatementjustlyembodiedakindofaffirmativeestimateofthenoermastructureandrecognizeabilityofhumanbeings.Forthesortofrationalityofhumanbeingsintheepistemologymeaning,scientistandsociologisthadmadeilluminatingstatement.SwitzerlandPsychologistJeanPiagetwasengagedinchildren’spsychicresearchinalongtime,hethoughtrationalitydevelopmentexistinternalandorganizedwayinthenoemadevelopmentofhumanbeings;Inthecontemporaryera,AmericafamouslinguistNoamChomskygetthroughdeeplyresearchforlanguages,hefoundthatgrammarnothingbutsomekindofsurfacefeaturesofbottomstructureofhumanbeingshidinglanguages,andgrammariscreatedandusednothingbutaccordingwiththebottomstructureofhumanbeings.InFrance,bothsociologistEmileDurkheimandanthropologistClaudLevi-Straussthoughtwhichhavebinaryoppositestructureinthesoulofhumanbeings,Durkheimthoughtthatthesortsofoppositionembodyoppositionbetweenholyandprofaneinreligions,Levi-Straussfoundouttheoppositiongetthroughtheresearchofancienttoterms,thediscoverageprovedtobethinkingoriginofstructuralismphilosophy.Robert·F.Murphy,Americaanthropologythoughtallsortsofideasembodysomekindofinnatecognitiverationality.Hecommented:

“likethisitbecomeprimestepofrationalitydevelopment,laterrationalitystillbaseonthebasicduality.……therationalityofhumanbeingsjustfromthisidea,itcanbestraightlytracedbacktoGreecephilosopher”5MurphyreferstoGreecephilosophernootherthanPlato，Aristotle，afterthem,Kant、Hegeletc,allofthemhadextractivediscussionscounterthissortofrationality.

Incontrasttorationality,rationalismhasitsmoreprofoundmeanings,objectsbywhichrationalismstudyandjudgehavenotjustman,asthesubjectofcognitiveactivity,simultaneouslyinvolvesobject,thantisallthedevelopmentofnatureandhumansociety,rationalismnotjustacknowledgethatmanasasthesubjectofcognitiveactivitypossesssomekindofrationality,whocanknowtruth,atthesametimehethinksthatthedevel