新概念四笔记.docx
《新概念四笔记.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《新概念四笔记.docx(255页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![新概念四笔记.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-5/23/efd551b6-4411-47d8-94a9-85a20c298133/efd551b6-4411-47d8-94a9-85a20c2981331.gif)
新概念四笔记
Lesson1Findingfossilman
发现化石人
Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.
Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas----legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.
Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst‘modernmen’camefrom.
Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.
ROBINPLACEFindingfossilman
Newwordsandexpressions
生词短语
recount/ri'kaunt/v.叙述/'rei'kaunt/再数一次record/'rek[d//ri'kC:
d/第一个音节带重音,名前动后叙述:
recount:
emotionless
重复
describe
depict:
alittleemotional
narrate:
temporal&spacial根据时间或空间顺序描述。
portray:
描述
saga/'sa:
g[/n.英雄故事
描述的内容mostlyreal北欧海盗活动的故事
legend/'ledV[nd/n.传说,传奇
unreale.grobinhood
anthropologist/'AnWr['pCl[dVist/n.人类学家
anthrop:
人
philosophere:
philo+sopher|爱+智慧=哲学家
philanthropist:
慈善家(对人有爱心的人)
anthropology:
人类学
带-gy结尾的都是学科:
biology生物学geography地理学ecology生态学
remote/ri'm[ut/n.遥远
ancestor/'Ansest[/n.祖先
an
在前面
forefather,forebear,predecessor祖先
rot/rCt/v.烂掉
leavemerot.=leavemealong
rottodeath.
soonripe,soonrotten.
decay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorate关系逐渐恶化
trace/treis/n.痕迹,踪迹
tracetheproblem
ifollowyourtrace=ifollowwhereyougo
polynesia波利尼西亚
poly-多
polyandric:
awifewithmorethanonehusbandpolygeny:
ahusbandwithmorethanonewife
flint/flint/n.燧石flintinghearted
fossil/
'fCsl/n.化石cobble鹅卵石Notesonthetext
课文注释readof读到
谈到:
speakof,talkof,knowof,hearof
neareast:
近东mediterranean,southeurope,northafricfareast
非限定性从句,表原因
oral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittenlanguage.precede:
什么在什么之前,不用比较,直接跟名词counterpart:
twothingsortwopeoplehavethesamepositionoral(spoken)languageisearlierthanwrittencounterpart.
preserve:
保留,保存(腌制)如果句中有only,那后面的表语结构就要用todosth,而不是doingsth.storyteller:
讲故事的人
fortuneteller,palmreader:
算命先生
migration:
移民
1)migrant
2)immigrantv.migrate:
迁移,迁徙
migratorybird:
候鸟none:
nobodypeople+s民族
iftheyhadany:
即便是有
hisrelatives,ifhehad
any,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.
findout千方百计,费尽周折=exploremodernmen:
themenwhowerelikeourselveshowever-anywhereyouwant,加逗号
but,yet-不加标点,onlyatthebeginningofthesentencetherefore-自由
so-自由
tool:
小工具instrument:
实验器械equipment:
设备
shape:
成型;教育,改造mayalsohave:
表推测peel:
果皮
leather:
皮革
hide:
兽皮
cowhide:
牛皮
without(any)trace:
无影无踪
Lesson2Sparethatspider
别伤害蜘蛛
Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?
Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.
Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.
Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?
OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.
T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListener
Newwordsandexpressions
生词短语
flocksandherds牛群和羊群
/flCk/
thebirdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether.物以类聚,人以群分
youarethesameflock.也可指人
herd多指牛群
cowherdcowboy
throngandcrowdswarm
owe/[U/vt.感激,欠
ioweyou.
ioweyouabigfavor.
欠issueobligeindebtappreciate----常用口语词正式:
gratefulthankful
beast/bi:
st/n兽
形容人野蛮无比,不能用animal形容
creature可以指小孩,女人,不用于男性.
fraction/'frAkF[n/n.小部分
分数,小数
afractionofricewillsufficeonone'sbehalf代表...利益
Ibeatyouonyourbehalf.我打你是为你好onbehalfofsomebody/something
e.gonbehalfofchinesegovernment
onbehalfof=represent
authority/C:
'WCriti/n.权威
authorize批准
authoritative权威性的
authoritarian独裁的
-tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者
dictatorial独裁的
authorities1.权威(可单数可复数)
2.当局(复数)
census/sens[s/n.统计数据
thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.
censor审查,censorious挑剔的,挑刺的
acre/'eik[/n.英亩
1acre=4047squaremeters
footballpitch足球场
footballyardfootballcourtfootballfieldbecontentwith满足于
满足作表语,不能出现定语结构
Heiscontentwithstatusquo.
contentedheart:
心满意足的人
spare/spZ[/v.不伤害,宽恕
sparemeHedoesn’tsparehimself.Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.(sparenoefforts:
不遗余力作什么)
Notesonthetext
课文注释
why,youmaywonder-youmaywonderwhy插入语
先不管插入语,弄清句子结构
youmaywonderwhyspidersshouldbeourfriends?
插入语位置不固定
why以疑问句开头
why,youmaywonder,theproblemofpollutionbefallshumanbeings.why,youmaywonder,oneofmyfriendsissokindhearted.
destroy程度比damage要重得多,片甲不留,消灭光
tearintopiecesgreatestenemies:
天敌dyingenemy
cryingenemy
dearenemyhumanrace:
人的种族,一般不加复数,表示一个总称词
impossible和possible永远不要以人开头
Itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething.likely可以以人做主语。
iamlikelytogo.
probable也不以人做主语
theywould表示假设
devour狼吞虎咽devourthefood
makeacakeofmyself
makeagodofmyself
devourthebookit虚拟语气
前面是主句,下面是条件句前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时
Ifitwerenotfor:
如果这不是因为
Iwouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforhistimelyhelp.butfor一定是虚拟语气=ifitwerenotfor
owe感激,欠ioweyou.
引出主题
allofthemputtogether:
把他们堆到一起
谓语动词是killdestroyed后置定语,重心转到spider
Lesson3Matterhornman
马特霍恩山区人
Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!
Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:
dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed.
Newwordsandexpressions
生词短语
1、alpinist(1.1)/'$lpinist/n.登山运动员
climber
mountaineer
词根:
alp
Alps(1.16)/$lps/n.阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj.阿尔卑斯山的
2、attain(1.4)/+'tein/v.到达
togetto
toarriveat/in
toattainone’sgoal=realize
toattainthetop/peak/summit达到顶点attainyouth永葆青春
attainment(n)attainments成就accomplishment
3、perilous(1.5)/'peril+s/adj.危险的peril
(随时可能出现的)危险avalanche雪崩
4、shudder(1.5)/'M)d+/v.不寒而栗
shudder:
quickandsudden
tremble:
longandveryobvious
quiver:
excitement,maybecold
shiver:
coldandnervous
5、gooutofone’sway
专门bytheway顺路
toomuchforme受不起
6、court(multiplemeanings多义词)
1)朝廷
朝臣courtier
2)courteous彬彬有礼的
3)法庭
4)娱乐场足球场soccer/footballcourt高尔夫球场golfcourt
5)追求
6)招致
骄兵必败pridecourtsfailure
7、solitary(1.6)/'s&lrt+ri/adj.唯一的
sol-独solo独唱
独奏
solitude孤独
Iliveinsolitude.=Ilivealonelylife.
8、pioneer(1.2)/?
pai+'n+/v.开辟,倡导;n.先锋,开辟者
9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$m'p&v+rM/v.使贫困poor(口语词)
罗素名言:
Agreatmanymanwillcheerfullyfaceinpoverishmentiftheycansecure
completeruinfortheirrival,hencepresentleveloftaxation.
许多人会高兴的面对贫困,如果他们能使对手落魄,因此出现了现在的税收水平。
10、coarse(1.12)/k&:
s/adj.粗劣的
coarsethroat嗓子哑sorethroat
嗓子发炎coarsefare
粗粮
refinedfair细粮
coarseandrefined
inacoarsemanner粗暴无礼
11、boast(1.12)/b+