village.docx

village.docx

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village

GreenwichVillage

GreenwichVillageHistoricDistrict

U.S.NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces

U.S.HistoricDistrict

WashingtonSquarePark,intheheartofGreenwichVillage

Location:

Boundedby:

W14stStreetontheNorth;WHoustonStreetontheSouth;theHudsonRiverontheWest,BroadwayontheEast

Coordinates:

40°44′2″N74°0′4″W/40.73389°N74.00111°W/40.73389;-74.00111Coordinates:

40°44′2″N74°0′4″W/40.73389°N74.00111°W/40.73389;-74.00111

Built/Founded:

1799

Architecturalstyle（s）:

Mid19thCenturyRevival,Italianate,Federal

Governingbody:

State

AddedtoNRHP:

June19,1979

NRHPReference#:

79001604

GreenwichVillage（pronounced/ˌɡrɛnɪtʃˈvɪlɪdʒ/）,oftensimplycalled"theVillage",isalargelyresidentialneighborhoodonthewestsideofLowerManhattaninNewYorkCity.Alargemajorityofthedistrictishometouppermiddleclassfamilies.GreenwichVillage,however,wasknowninthelate19th–earliertomid20thcenturiesasthebohemiancapitalandthebirthplaceoftheBeatmovement.Whatprovidedtheinitialattractivecharacterofthecommunityeventuallycontributedtoitsgentrificationandcommercialization.

ThenameofthevillageisAnglicizedfromtheDutchnameGroenwijck,meaning"PineDistrict",intoitsnearheterographGreenwich,aboroughofLondon,England.

Contents

1Location　　　　　　2Gridplan

3History　　　　　　　4Sincethe1960s

4.1Preservation　　　　5Inmedia

6Education　　　　　　7Notableresidents

Location

StreetinGreenwichVillage

TheneighborhoodisboundedbyBroadwayontheeast,theHudsonRiverontheWest,HoustonStreetontheSouth,and14thStreetontheNorth.TheneighborhoodssurroundingitaretheEastVillagetotheeast,SoHoandHudsonSquaretothesouth,andChelseatothenorth.TheEastVillagewasformerlyconsideredpartoftheLowerEastSideandneverassociatedwithGreenwichVillage.[4]TheWestVillageisthepartofGreenwichVillagewestof7thAvenue,thoughRealtorssaythedividinglineis6thAvenue.[who?

]TheneighborhoodislocatedinNewYork's8thcongressionaldistrict,NewYork's25thStateSenatedistrict,NewYork's66thStateAssemblydistrict,andNewYorkCityCouncil's3rddistrict.

GreenwichVillagewasbetterknownasWashingtonSquare–basedonthemajorlandmarkWashingtonSquarePark[5]orEmpireWardinthe19thcentury.

EncyclopediaBritannica's1956articleon"NewYork（City）"（subheading"GreenwichVillage"）statesthatthesouthernborderoftheVillageisSpringStreet,reflectinganearlierunderstanding.ThenewerdistrictofSoHohassinceencroachedontheVillage'shistoricborder.

Gridplan

TheintersectionofWest4thandWest12thStreets

AsGreenwichVillagewasoncearuralhamlet,totheNorthoftheearliestEuropeansettlementonManhattanIsland,itsstreetlayoutismorehaphazardthanthegridpatternofthe19th-centurygridplan（basedontheCommissioners'Planof1811）.GreenwichVillagewasallowedtokeepitsstreetpatterninareaswestofGreenwichLane（nowGreenwichAvenue）andSixthAvenuethatwerealreadybuiltupwhentheplanwasimplemented,whichhasresultedinaneighborhoodwhosestreetsaredramaticallydifferent,inlayout,fromtheorderedstructureofnewerpartsoftown.Manyoftheneighborhood'sstreetsarenarrowandsomecurveatoddangles.Additionally,unlikemostofManhattanaboveHoustonStreet,streetsintheVillagetypicallyarenamedratherthannumbered.Whilesomeoftheformerlynamedstreets（includingFactory,HerringandAmityStreets）arenownumbered,eventheydonotalwaysconformtotheusualgridpatternwhentheyentertheneighborhood.Forexample,West4thStreet,whichrunseast-westoutsideoftheVillage,turnsandrunsnorth,crossingWest10th,11th,12th,and13thStreets.

AlargesectionofGreenwichVillage,madeupofmorethan50northernandwesternblocksintheareaupto14thStreet,isconsideredpartofaHistoricDistrictbytheNewYorkCityLandmarksPreservationCommission.TheDistrict'sconvolutedbordersrunnofarthersouththan4thStreetorSt.Luke'sPlace,andnofarthereastthanWashingtonSquareEastorUniversityPlace.Redevelopmentinthatareaisseverelyrestricted,anddevelopersmustpreservethemainfacadeandaestheticsofthebuildingsevenduringrenovation.

MostpartsofGreenwichVillagecomprisemid-riseapartments,19th-centuryrowhousesandtheoccasionalone-familywalk-up,asharpcontrasttothehi-riselandscapeinMid-andDowntownManhattan,duetothelackofshallowbedrock.

History

MapofoldGreenwichVillage.AsectionofBernardRatzer'smapofNewYorkanditssuburbs,madecirca1766forHenryMoore,RoyalGovernorofNewYork,whenGreenwichwasmorethantwomilesfromthecity.

GreenwichVillageislocatedonwhatwasoncemarshland.Inthe16thcenturyNativeAmericansreferredtoitasSapokanikan（"tobaccofield"）.ThelandwasclearedandturnedintopasturebyDutchandfreedAfricansettlersinthe1630s,whonamedtheirsettlementNoortwyck.TheEnglishconqueredtheDutchsettlementofNewNetherlandin1664andGreenwichVillagedevelopedasahamletseparatefromthelarger（andfast-growing）NewYorkCitytothesouth.Itofficiallybecameavillagein1712andisfirstreferredtoasGrin'wichin1713CommonCouncilrecords.In1822,ayellowfeverepidemicinNewYorkencouragedresidentstofleetothehealthierairofGreenwichVillage,andafterwardsmanystayed.

GreenwichVillageisgenerallyknownasanimportantlandmarkonthemapofbohemianculture.Theneighborhoodisknownforitscolorful,artisticresidentsandthealternativeculturetheypropagate.Dueinparttotheprogressiveattitudesofmanyofitsresidents,theVillagehastraditionallybeenafocalpointofnewmovementsandideas,whetherpolitical,artistic,orcultural.Thistraditionasanenclaveofavant-gardeandalternativeculturewasestablishedbythebeginningofthe20thcenturywhensmallpresses,artgalleries,andexperimentaltheaterthrived.

In1914,inoneofthemanyManhattanpropertiesGertrudeVanderbiltWhitneyandherhusbandowned,GertrudeWhitneyestablishedtheWhitneyStudioClubat8West8thStreetinGreenwichVillageasafacilitywhereyoungartistscouldexhibittheirworks.Theplacewouldevolvetobecomehergreatestlegacy,theWhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt,onthesiteoftoday'sNewYorkStudioSchoolofDrawing,PaintingandSculpture.TheWhitneywasfoundedin1931,asananswertothethennewlyfounded（1928）MuseumofModernArt'scollectionofmostlyEuropeanmodernismanditsneglectofAmericanArt.GertrudeWhitneydecidedtoputthetimeandmoneyintothemuseumaftertheNewYorkMetropolitanMuseumofArtturneddownheroffertocontributehertwenty-five-yearcollectionofmodernartworks.

CherryLaneTheatreisalsolocatedinGreenwichVillage

In1924theCherryLaneTheatrewasestablished.Locatedat38CommerceStreetitisNewYorkCity'soldestcontinuouslyrunningoff-Broadwaytheater.AlandmarkinGreenwichVillage’sculturallandscape,itwasbuiltasafarmsiloin1817,andalsoservedasatobaccowarehouseandboxfactorybeforeEdnaSt.VincentMillayandothermembersoftheProvincetownPlayersconvertedthestructureintoatheatretheychristenedtheCherryLanePlayhouse,whichopenedonMarch24,1924,withtheplayTheManWhoAtethePopomack.Duringthe1940sTheLivingTheatre,TheatreoftheAbsurd,andtheDowntownTheatermovementalltookrootthere,anditdevelopedareputationasaplacewhereaspiringplaywrightsandemergingvoicescouldshowcasetheirwork.

In1936,therenownedAbstractExpressionistartistandteacherHansHofmannmovedhisartschoolfromE.57thStreetto52West9thStreet.In1938,Hofmannmovedagaintoamorepermanenthomeat52West8thStreet.Theschoolremainedactiveuntil1958whenHofmannretiredfromteaching.

Duringthegoldenageofbohemianism,GreenwichVillagebecamefamousforsucheccentricsasJoeGould（profiledatlengthbyJosephMitchell）andMaxwellBodenheim,dancerIsadoraDuncan,writerWilliamFaulkner,andplaywrightEugeneO'Neill.Politicalrebellionalsomadeitshomehere,whetherserious（JohnReed）orfrivolous（MarcelDuchampandfriendssetoffballoonsfromatopWashingtonSquarearch,proclaimingthefoundingof"TheIndependentRepublicofGreenwichVillage"）.InChristmas1949,TheWeaversplayedattheVillageVanguard.

TheVillageagainbecameimportanttothebohemiansceneduringthe1950s,whentheBeatGenerationfocusedtheirenergiesthere.Fleeingfromwhattheysawasoppressivesocialconformity,aloosecollectionofwriters,poets,artists,andstudents（laterknownastheBeats）andtheBeatniks,movedtoGreenwichVillage,andtoNorthBeachinSanFrancisco;inmanywayscreatingtheeastcoast-westcoastpredecessortotheHaight-Ashbury-EastVillagehippiesceneofthenextdecade.　　TheVillage（andsurroundingNewYorkCity）wouldlaterplaycentralrolesinthewritingsof,amongothers,JackKerouac,AllenGinsberg,WilliamS.Burroughs,JamesBaldwin,TrumanCapote,MarianneMoore,MayaAngelou,RodMcKuen,andDylanThomaswhocollapsedwhiledrinkingattheWhiteHorseTavernonNovember5,1953.

Off-Off-BroadwaybeganinGreenwichVillagein1958asareactiontoOff-Broadway,anda"completerejectionofcommercialtheatre".Amongthefirstvenuesforwhatwouldsoonbecalled"Off-Off-Broadway"（atermsupposedlycoinedbycriticJerryTallmeroftheVillageVoice）werecoffeehousesinGreenwichVillage,particularlytheCaffeCinoat31CorneliaStreet,operatedbytheeccentricJoeCino,whoearlyontookalikingtoactorsandplaywrightsandagreedtoletthemstageplaystherewithoutbotheringtoreadthepl