民间艺术英文资料.docx
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民间艺术英文资料
Cloisonné
Briefintroduction
Cloisonnéisanancienttechniquefordecoratingmetalworkobjects,inrecentcenturiesusingvitreousenamel,andinolderperiodsalsoinlaysofcutgemstones,glass,andothermaterials.Theresultingobjectscanalsobecalledcloisonné.Thedecorationisformedbyfirstaddingcompartments(cloisonsinFrench)tothemetalobjectbysolderingoraffixingsilverorgoldwiresorthinstripsplacedontheiredges.Theseremainvisibleinthefinishedpiece,separatingthedifferentcompartmentsoftheenamelorinlays,whichareoftenofseveralcolors.Cloisonnéenamelobjectsareworkedonwithenamelpowdermadeintoapaste,whichthenneedstobefiredinakiln.
Development
Thetechniquewasinancienttimesmostlyusedforjewelleryandsmallfittingsforclothes,weaponsorsimilarsmallobjectsdecoratedwithgeometricorschematicdesigns,withthickcloisonwalls.IntheByzantineEmpiretechniquesusingthinnerwiresweredevelopedtoallowmorepictorialimagestobeproduced,mostlyusedforreligiousimagesandjewellery,andbythenalwaysusingenamel.Bythe14thcenturythisenameltechniquehadspreadtoChina,whereitwassoonusedformuchlargervesselssuchasbowlsandvases;thetechniqueremainscommoninChinatothepresentday,andcloisonnéenamelobjectsusingChinese-derivedstyleswereproducedintheWestfromthe18thcentury.
Examples
Enamel
The8th-centuryIrishArdaghChalice
TheAlfredJewel,a9th-centuryAnglo-Saxonornament
TheKhakhulitriptych,alargegoldaltarpiecewithover100GeorgianandByzantineplaques,datingfromthe8thto12thcenturies,saidtobethelargestenamelledworkofartintheworld.
theeyesofthe10thcenturyGoldenMadonnaofEssen
The12thcenturyMosanStavelotTriptych,combiningcloisonnéandchamplevéwork.
Gemsandglass
ThePectoralofTutankhamun,(image),andseveralothers.
The5thcenturygravegoodsofChildericI,lastpagankingoftheFranks,diedc.481
The5th-centuryGermanicTreasureofPouan
The6th-centuryMerovingianTreasureofGourdon
Pictures
MingDynastycloisonnéenamelbowl,usingninecolorsofenamel.
Chinesecloisonnéenamelincenseburner,17th-18thcenturies
Addingfritwithdropperaftersinteringcloisons.Uponcompletionthepiecewillbefired,thenground(repeatingasnecessary)thenpolishedandelectroplated
NewYearpictures
Briefintroduction
ANewYearPictureisapopularBanhuainChina.ItisaformofChinesecoloredwoodblockprint,fordecorationduringtheChineseNewYearHoliday,thenlaterusedtodepictcurrentevents.
Development
ItsoriginalformwasapictureofadoorgodfashionedduringtheTangdynasty.Later,moresubjects,suchasfairs,theKitchenGod,womenandbabieswereincluded.Customarily,aseachChineseNewYeararrives,everyfamilyreplacesitsNewYearpictureinorderto"saygoodbyetothePastandwelcometheFuture".
Inthe19thcenturyNianhuaweremass-producedanddisplayedforthosewhocouldnotread.TheyoftendepictedtheChinesepointofviewofevents.
Thescenessometimeswereusedtocreatepatrioticsentiment.ManyNianhuawereproducedduringtheBoxerRebelliondepictingtheMuslimKansuBraveforcesofGeneralDongFuxiang,showingthemasvictoriousovertheEightNationAllianceofthewesternpowersandJapan.
Astimeschanged,people,especiallythoseincities,wereinfluencedbymodernartstoseeNewYearPicturesastraditionalandstaid.Moreover,peopleconsideredthedoorgodwastoomenacingtohangintheirhomes.Theywantedsomethingmoreartistic.Atthemiddleofthe1980s,thesalesamountofNewYearPicturesinMianzhuwasaroundfivehundredthousand.However,thenumberdroppedsharplysincetheearly1990s.
ProductionMethod
Productionmethod:
handdrawspictures,woodprinting,watermarkstrapping,Half-drawingandhalf-painting,lithography,offsetprintingandsoon.
Usually,ChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureshavefoursteps:
Firstly,artistdrawroughsketchonthepaper
Secondly,carvingtheroughsketchonthewoodboardandprintfewsample
Thirdly,addcoloronthesampleandcarvingcouplecolormemeforeachpartofcoloronthesample.(Usuallynomorethan5color)
Finally,whenthepreparationiscomplete.Theprinterpaintcoloronthecolorboardbeforecarved,thenputpaperonthewoodboardandusebrushtoflatbrushthepaper.ThentheChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureiscomplete.
Theme
NewYearpicture'scontentcanhavemanythingsandthatismorethan2000different.ButroughlytheNewYearpictureshavefourmainmemes.
1.Thegodsandmascot
2.Thesecularlife
3.Thebabyandbeauty
4.Thestoryandmyth
Pictures
NewYearpictureofQingDynasty
Chang'eFlyingtotheMoon.WuShaoyun.1950.
Papercutting
Briefintroduction
Papercuttingistheartofcuttingpaperdesigns.Thearthasevolveduniquelyallovertheworldtoadapttodifferentculturalstyles.
Development
Theoldestsurvivingpapercutoutisasymmetricalcirclefromthe6thcenturySixDynastiesperiodfoundinXinjiangChina.PapercuttingcontinuedtobepracticedduringtheSongandTangDynastiesasapopularformofdecorativeart.
BytheeighthorninthcenturypapercuttingappearedinWestAsiaandinTurkeyinthe16thcentury.Withinacentury,papercuttingwasbeingdoneinmostofmiddleEurope.
Today,papercuttingsarechieflydecorative.Theylivenupwalls,windows,doors,columns,mirrors,lampsandlanternsinhomesandarealsousedonpresentsoraregivenasgiftsthemselves.Papercut-outspastedonornearentrancesaresupposedtobringgoodluck.
Classification
Paper-cuttingisoneoftheoldestandthemostpopularfolkartsinChina.Itcanbegeographicallydividedintoasouthernandanorthernstyle.Thesouthernstyle,representedbyworksfromYangzhouinJiangsuProvinceandLeqinginZhejiangProvince,featuresingeniousandbeautifuldesigns,exquisitecarvingandinterestingshapes.Thenorthernstyle,mainlyfromYuxianandFengninginHebeiProvinceandbestrepresentedbyworksfromnorthernShaanxi,featuresexaggeratedshapes,vigorousness,vividdepictionsanddiversepatterns.
Thestyleofwindowpaper-cutsisusuallyfree,excepttheflowerpatternonthecorner.Thethemeofwindowpaper-cutshasawiderange,themostpopularofwhichisbasedonthestoriesoftraditionalChineseopera.
Pictures
ASymmetricalcut
Chinesepapercuttingsinashop.
APapercut"windowflower"duringChineseNewYear
Embroidery
Briefintroduction
Embroideryisthehandicraftofdecoratingfabricorothermaterialswithneedleandthreadoryarn.Embroiderymayalsoincorporateothermaterialssuchasmetalstrips,pearls,beads,quills,andsequins.Today,embroideryismostoftenseenoncaps,hats,coats,blankets,dressshirts,denim,stockings,andgolfshirts.Embroideryisavailablewithawidevarietyofthreadoryarncolor.
Origin
Theprocessusedtotailor,patch,mendandreinforceclothfosteredthedevelopmentofsewingtechniques,andthedecorativepossibilitiesofsewingledtotheartofembroidery.
Theartofembroideryhasbeenfoundworldwideandseveralearlyexampleshavebeenfound.WorksinChinahavebeendatedtotheWarringStatesperiod(5th–3rdcenturyBC).InagarmentfromMigrationperiodSweden,roughly300–700AD,theedgesofbandsoftrimmingarereinforcedwithrunningstitch,backstitch,stemstitch,tailor'sbuttonholestitch,andwhipstitching,butitisuncertainwhetherthisworksimplyreinforcedtheseamsorshouldbeinterpretedasdecorativeembroidery.
Materials
Thefabricsandyarnsusedintraditionalembroideryvaryfromplacetoplace.Wool,linen,andsilkhavebeeninuseforthousandsofyearsforbothfabricandyarn.Today,embroiderythreadismanufacturedincotton,rayon,andnoveltyyarnsaswellasintraditionalwool,linen,andsilk.Ribbonembroideryusesnarrowribboninsilkorsilk/organzablendribbon,mostcommonlytocreatefloralmotifs.
Machine
Contemporaryembroideryisstitchedwithacomputerizedembroiderymachineusingpatternsdigitizedwithembroiderysoftware.Inmachineembroidery,differenttypesof"fills"addtextureanddesigntothefinishedwork.Machineembroideryisusedtoaddlogosandmonogramstobusinessshirtsorjackets,gifts,andteamapparelaswellastodecoratehouseholdlinens,draperies,anddecoratorfabricsthatmimictheelaboratehandembroideryofthepast.
Therehasalsobeenadevelopmentinfreehandmachineembroidery,newmachineshavebeendesignedthatallowfortheusertocreatefree-motionembroiderywhichhasitsplaceintextilearts,quilting,dressmaking,homefurnishingsandmore.
Pictures
TraditionalembroideryinchainstitchonaKazakhrug,contemporary.
Detailofembroideredsilkgauzeritualgarment.Rowsofeven,roundchainstitchusedforoutlineandcolor.4thcenturyBC,ZhoutombatMashan,Hubei,China.
Commercialmachineembroideryinchainstitchonavoilecurtain,China,early21stcentury.
Shadowplay
Briefintroduction
Shadowplaywhichisalsoknownasshadowpuppetryisanancientformofstorytellingandentertainmentwhichusesflatarticulatedfigures(shadowpuppets)tocreatecut-outfigureswhichareheldbetweenasourceoflightandatranslucentscreenorscrim.Thecut-outshapesofthepuppetssometimesincludetranslucentcolororothertypesofdetailing.Variouseffectscanbeachievedbymovingboththepuppetsandthelightsource.Atalentedpuppeteercanmakethefiguresappeartowalk,dance,fight,nodandlaugh.
Development
LegendhasitthatChineseshadowpuppetryoriginatedduringtheHanDynasty(206B.C.–220A.D.)whenoneoftheconcubinesofEmperorWuofHandiedfromanill