考研.docx

考研.docx

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考研

考研试题选编

Exercises 1

I Discussionquestions.

1.Wouldyousaythatlanguageisarbitrary?

Whatwouldlanguagebelikeifitwasnotarbitrary?

2.“Languageishuman-specific.”Howwouldyouinterpretthisstatement?

3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunicationsystemsintermsofdisplacementandculturaltransmission?

4.Whatarethebasicfunctionsoflanguageandwhataretheiraims?

Canthesentenceformalwaysbeareliableguidetoitsuseofafunction?

5.Howislanguagedefined?

Doyouagreewiththisdefinition?

6.Whyisitthatlanguageisstillamystery?

Whataretheideasandstoriesconcerningtheoriginoflanguage?

II Completethefollowingpassagewithproperwordsorexpressions.

Therearefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.

（1）   isasystembuilton

（2）   relationships.Itisstructuredintotwo（3）   witheachhavingcomplexstructuralarrangements.Languageiscreativeor（4）       .Itisnot（5）    animmediatepresentcontext.Languageis（6）   transmitted.

Thesefeaturesshowthatlanguage ishuman-（7）      .Onlyhumanbeingsarecapableofpossessingthis（8）    system.Theyalsoindicatethathumanlanguageis（9）    animalcommunicationsystemsorother（10）   ofcommunicationlike（11）       .

Nowwiththesefeaturesinthemindwecansaythatlanguageisasystemof（12）       （13）     symbolsusedfor（14）      （15）       .Thisdefinitioniswell-made,foritcapturesallimportantaspectsof（16）       .

Exercises  2

I.Discussionquestions.

1.Whyisitthatalinguistisexpectedtohavewideexperienceofdifferenttypesoflanguages?

2.Whatarethemainbranchesofmodernlinguistics?

Andwhataretheinterdisciplinarystudiesoflanguage?

3.Whichonedoyouprefer,descriptivelinguisticsorprescriptivelinguistics?

Why?

4.Whatisthedifferencebetweendiachronicandsynchroniclinguistics?

5.WhatarethefeaturesofAmericanstructuralism?

6.HowhastheTGgrammardeveloped?

IICompletethefollowingpassagewithproperwordsorexpressions.

Itisnotdifficulttosensethecomplexityoflanguagestructure,butitisnotsoeasytosayhowmanylevelsshouldbesetupinordertoexplainthewaythis

（1）       isorganized.Somesimplemodelsoflanguagerecognizeonlytwobasiclevels:

thesetofphysical

（2）     （sounds,letters,sings,words）containedinalanguage,andtherangeofabstractmeaningsconveyedbytheseforms.Morecommonly,thenotionofformsissub-divided,todistinguishdifferentkindsofabstractness.Inspeech,forexample,thephysicalfactsofpronunciation,asdefinedbytheprocessesofarticulation,acoustictransmissionandaudition,areconsideredtobethesubjectmatterof（3）      .Thewaydifferentlanguagesorganizesoundstoconveydifferencesofmeaningistheprovinceof（4）    .Andthestudyofthewaymeaningfulunitsarebroughtintosequencetoconveywiderandmorevariedpatternsofmeaningistheprovinceof（5）     .Theterm（6）       isthenusedforthestudyofthepatternsofmeaningthemselves.

Four-levelmodelsoflanguage（phonetics/phonology/grammar/semantics）areamongthemostwidelyused,butfurtherdivisionswithinandbetweentheselevelsareoftenmade.Forexample,withinthelevelofgrammar,itiscommontorecognizeadistinctionbetween（7）       ,thestudyofwordstructureand（8）    ,thestudyofwordsequencewithinsentences.Within（9）    ,thestudyofvowels,consonants,andsyllables（segmentalphonology）isusuallydistinguishedfromthestudyofprosodyandothertonesofvoice（suprasegmentalphonology）.Withinsemantics,thestudyofvocabulary（orlexicon）issometimestakenseparatelyfromthestudyoflargerpatternsofmeaning（undersuchheadingsastextordiscourse）.Alloftheseareregularlyreferredtoas（10）“      ”ofstructure.

Exercises  3

I.Discussionquestions.

1.Whatisphonetics?

Andwhatisarticulatoryphonetics?

2.Whataretheplacesandmannersofarticulation?

3.Inwhatwaysdovowelsdifferfromeachother?

4.Whatisthedifferencebetweennarrowtranscriptionandbroadtranscription?

II.Writethesoundwhichcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions.

  1.voicelessalveolarplosive

  2.voicelessdentalfricative

  3.voicedbilabialplosive

  4.voicedvelarplosive

  5.tensefrontmidvowel

  6.laxhighbackvowel

  7.highfronttenseunroundedvowel

  8.highbacktensevowel

Exercises 4

I.Discussionquestions.

1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?

2.Whatisaphoneme?

Whatisanallophone?

3.Whydowesaythat/t/and/d/aredifferentphonemes?

4.Whatdoescomplementarydistributionmean?

5.WhatistheimportanceofstressinEnglish?

Is“a΄toyfactory”differentfrom“atoy΄factory”?

Andwhatisthedifference?

II.Accountforsoundchangesinthefollowingsentence