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英语四级模拟训练题七附答案
ModelTest7
PartIWriting
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:
OverseasStudyatanEarlyAge.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
1.目前很多父母在子女高中毕业前就送他们出国学习
2.形成这种趋势的原因
3.我对些的看法
OverseaStudyatanEarlyAge
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswersheet1.
TheSky'sLimit
Airtravelisarapidlygrowingsourceofgreenhousegases.Butitisalsoanindispensablewayoftravel.
ThenewA380
Thedouble-deckerA380,thebiggestairlinertheworldhasseen,landedatHeathrowlastmonthtotestwhetherLondon'smainairportcouldhandlethenew550-seater,duetoentercommercialserviceattheendofthisyear.ItwasaproudmomentforBritain'sRolls-Royce,themakersoftheaircraft'sTrent900engines.Rolls-RoycesaysthefourTrentsontheA380areascleanandefficientasanyjetengine,andproduce"asmuchpoweras3,500familycars".Asimplecalculationshowsthattheequivalentofmorethansixcarsisneededtoflyeachpassenger.
Takethecalculationfurther:
flyingafullyladenA380is,intermsofenergy,likea14km(nine-mile)queueoftrafficontheroadbelow.Andthatisjustoneaircraft.In20years,Airbusreckons,1,500suchplaneswillbeintheair.Bythen,thetotalnumberofairlinersisexpectedtohavedoubled,to22,000.Thehugeairplanealonewouldbepumpingoutcarbondioxide(CO2)atthesamerateas5millioncars.
Thatmaynotseemmuchcomparedwiththe60millionvehiclesthatpouroffassemblylineseveryyear—orthe1billionvehiclesalreadyontheworld'sroads.Butwhereascarsareusedroughlyforaboutanhourorsoaday,jetairlinersareonthemoveforatleast10hoursaday.Andtheyburntax-free,highoctane
(1)高能量的)fuel,whichdumpshundredsofmillionsoftonnesofCO2intothemostsensitivepartoftheatmosphere.
Aviationisarelativelysmallsourceoftheemissionsblamedforglobalwarming,butitsshareisgrowingthefastest.Theevidenceisstrong.Asaresult,aviationisincreasinglyattractingtheattentionofenvironmentalistsandpoliticians.Amidmuchcontroversy,CO2caps(最高限制)andcarbon-tradingcouldsoonbeusedtohelpcurbaircraftemissions.
Frequentflyers,freeriders
Airlinesareaccusedofhavingafreerideintermsofairpollutionbecausetheypaynotaxonthefueltheyuseforinternationalflights.Eventhoughtoday'saircraftareabout70%moreefficientthanthoseof40yearsago,concernsoveremissionshavegrown.Despiteboomingdemandforairtravel,manyairlinesarelosingmoney.Nowgreencampaignerswantpeopletothinktwicebeforetheyfly.TheopposingvoiceisparticularlyloudinEurope,wherelow-costcarriersareexpandingfastonbusyshorthaul
(2)短距离)routes.TheEuropeanParliamentwillvoteinJulyonaproposaltolimitaircraftemissions.
Americaisdeeplyunhappyattheprospectofitsairlinesbeingaffected.SharonPinkerton,aseniorrepresentativeoftheFederalAviationAdministrationinsisted,onavisittoBrusselslastyear,thatAmericancarriersshouldbeexemptedfromthescheme.Thissetsthesceneforanothertransatlanticaviationdispute,toaddtothetwobitterandlong-runningdisputesoversubsidiestoEurope'sAirbusandtheliberalisationofairtrafficbetweenthetwocontinents.
Theairlinesaregrowingnervous.ThebiginternationalcarriersrepresentedbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA)wouldratherEuropewaitedforthedeliberationsofaUnitedNationsbody,theInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation(ICAO),whichhassettechnical,legalandsafetyrulesformorethan50years.InternationalaviationwasexcludedfromtheKyotoprotocolonglobalwarming,butonlyonconditionthat,bytheendof2007,countriesandairlinesworkedundertheumbrellaofICAOtocomeupwithawayofreducingemissionsthroughatradingscheme.
SoonaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarthemembergovernmentsofICAOagreedthatairlinesshouldbefreeoffueltaxes.Somesaythiswastooutlawunilateraltaxesthatcoulddistortmarkets,butothersreckonitwasdonetoboostthefledglingairlineindustryemergingfromthefighting.Thecorollarywasthataviation,unlikemotortrafficandotherformsoftransport,wouldpayinatransparentmannerfortheinfrastructureandservicesitrequired-air-trafficmanagement,landingcharges,flyoverrightsandsoon.Thatwassupposedtotakecareoftheexternalcosts.Butnooneinthosedaysthoughtmuchabouttheenvironment.
Countingthecost
Itwasnotuntil1999thattheUnitedNationsIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)attemptedtoreducetheeffectofaviationontheenvironment.Transportasawholewasjudgedtoberesponsibleforaboutaquarteroftheworld'sCO2discharges.Thatmakesitoneofthebiggestsources,alongsidepowergenerationandhouseholds,asasourceofthegas.Withintransport,aviationaccountsforabout13%.Itscontributiontototalman-madeemissionsworldwideissaidtobearound3%.
Sowhyallthefussaboutsolittle?
Onereasonisthathigh-altitudeemissionsareprobablydisproportionatelydamagingtotheenvironment.Thenitrogenoxidesfromjet-engineexhaustsleadtotheformationofozone,anothergreenhousegas.Contrails(飞行云)arealsosuspectedofenhancingtheformationofcirrusclouds,whichsomescientiststhinkaddstotheglobalwarmingeffect.TheIPCCestimatedthattheoverallimpactonglobalwarmingofaircraftcouldbebetweentwoandfourtimesthatoftheirCO2emissionsalone,thoughthereisnoscientificconsensusaboutthesizeofthismultiplier.
Naturally,theairlineschoosetomeasurethegreenhousegasestheyproduceinthewaythatcaststheminthebestlight—atricktheydeployonsafetystatistics,too.Forinstance,overhalfofaircraftaccidentsoccuraroundtake-offandlanding.Soaccidentsperpassenger-milecompareveryfavourablywithothermeansoftransport.Butatleastonestudyhasshownthat,ifaccidentsaremeasuredperjourneyinstead,aircraftarethesecond-mostdangerouswayoftravelling,aftermotorcycles.
Likewiseongreenhousegases.IATAsaysanaircraft'sfuelconsumptionisaboutthesameasthatofafamilycar,at3.5litresper100passenger-kilometres.SoCO2emissionsaresimilar.Butthatistrueonlyiftheaircraftisfullandthecar'spassengerseatsareempty.Andeventhen,ajumbojetflyingfromLondontoSydneywouldbelikenearly400VolkswagenPoloseachtravellingjustover16,000km—theaveragedistanceaEuropeandrivesinayear.Inotherwords,althoughcarsandaircraftdischargeroughlythesameamountofCO2foreachpassenger-kilometre,theaircrafttravelanawfullotfarther.
Waitingtoland
Crowdedairportscompoundtheproblem.BusyrunwaysatplacessuchasHeathrowmeanaeroplaneshavetocirclewastefully.Thepossibilityofbeingheldupensuresthatpilotscarryextrafuel,therebyincreasingtheaircraft'sweightand,hence,itsconsumptionoffuel.Othersmallchangescouldfurthersavefuelandavoidcarbonemissions:
aircraftcouldbetowedeverywhereonthegroundbyelectricvehicles.Consumers,too,cantakeastandbyvoluntarilyoffsettingthecarbonemissionsassociatedwithflyingbypaying,forinstance,tohavetreesplanted.
ThisweekIATAsaidthenetlossoftheworld'sairlinesinthepastsixyearswouldamounttoalmost$44billion.Carriershavebeenhitbyterrorism,war,recession,therespiratorydiseaseSAILSandsoaringoilprices.Therewerehopestheindustrycouldmakeasmallprofitin2007,buthavingtopayforenvironmentalcostscouldchangethat.Yetglobalwarmingisnotsomethingthatairlines,oranyotherindustry,canshakeoffforever.Soonerorlater,aviationwillhavetoshouldertheburdenitimposesontheplanet.
1.Thispassageismainlyabouthowthedevelopmentofairlineindustryhasaffectedtheenvironmentthroughitsgreenhousegasesemission.
2.Itispredictedthatin20years,thehugeairplanesalonewouldbepumpingoutcarbondioxideatthesamerateas5millioncars.
3.Theauthorcomparestheeffectofairlinersontheenvironmentandthatofthecarsandconcludedthattheeffectoftheformerislessbecausethenumberofairplanesismuchsmallerthanthatofthecars.
4.Inthepast,aviationindustrywasthesmallestsourceofgreenhousegasesemissionandthusdidnotattractpeople'sattention.
5.Manyairlinesarehavinglessprofittodayalthoughtherearemoredemandforairtravel.
6.Americaisproposinganalternativeplantosolvetheproblemofemissionfromairliners.
7.Theairlinesaremomandmorenervous,andtheywanttheproblembeconsideredbyIATA,aUnitedNationsbody.
8.______asawholewasjudgedtoberesponsibleforaboutaquarteroftheworld'scarbondioxidedischarges.
9.Althoughaviationaccountsforonly3%ofthetotalman-madeemission,its______arebelievedtobedisproportionatelydamagingtotheenvironment.
10.Duringthepastsixyears,airlineindustryhasbeenhitbyterrorism,war,______whichmadetheindustrysufferatotallossof$44billion.
PartⅢListeningComprehension
SectionA
Directions:
Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustrendthefourchoicesmarked[A]、[B]、[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
11.[A]Hestoppeddrivingacartwoyearsago.[B]Hedroveac