Affixation.docx
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Affixation
Prefixes
1.Negativeprefixes否定前缀
Negativeprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
un-
theoppositeof
not
adj.
participles
adv.
noun
unconscious,
unfruitful,
unseeing,
unexpected,
unconsciously,
untruth,
unrest
non-
not
adj.
noun
non-existent,
non-stick,
non-smoker
in-,il-,im-,ir-
theoppositeof
not
adj.
indirect,
illogical,
illegal,
impossible,
irresponsible
dis-
theoppositeof
not
adj.
noun
verb
dishonest,
disobedient,
disagree,
disobey,
displeasure,
disorder
a-
lackingin,
lackof,
not,
without
adj.
noun
Apolitical,
amoral,
apathy
2.Reversativeprefixes（逆转前缀）
reversativeprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
un-
toreversetheaction,todepriveof,
toreleasefrom
verbs
nouns
undo,
undress,
unpack,
unhorse,
unmask
de-
toreversetheactiontogetridof
verbs
nouns
decode,
decentralize,
defrost,decentralization
dis-
toreversetheaction,todepriveof,
toreleasefrom
verbs
nouns
participles
disconnect,
disown,
discolored,disheartening,discontent
3.Pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）
Pejorativeprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
mis-
wrongly,bad
verbs
nouns
participles
mislead,
miscalculate,misfortune,misconduct,misleading,
misguided
mal-
badly,bad
verbs
nouns
participles
adj.
maltreat,
malfunction,malpractice,malcontent,malnourished
pseudo-
（冒充的，伪造的）
False,imitation
nouns
adj.
pseudo-Christianity
pseudo-intellectual
pseudo-scientific
4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize（表示程度、大小的前缀）
Prefixesofdegreeorsize
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
arch-
supreme,
highest,
worst
humannoun
archbishop,arch-fascist,arch-enemy
super-
betterormorethanusual
nouns
adj.
superman,supermarket,superhuman,supernatural
out-
（dosomething）better,faster,longer,etc,than
verbs
outgrow,
outdo,
outlive,
outweigh
sub-
under,
below,
lowerthan,
lessthan
adj.
subnormal,substandard,subzero
over-
toomuch
verbs
pastparticiples
adj.
overdo,
overreact,overcooked,overconfident
under-
toolittle
verbs
pastparticiples
underfeed,
underpay,
underdone,understaffed
hyper-
excessively
adj.
hyperactive,hypercritical,hypersensitive
ultra-
beyond,
extremely
adj.
ultra-modern,ultraconservative
extra-
outside,
beyond
adj.
extracurricular,extraordinary
macro-
large
nouns
macroeconomics,macrostructure
micro-
extremelysmall
nouns
microcomputer,microsurgery
mini-
little
nouns
miniskirt,
minibus
tele-
atoroveralongdistance,
byorfortelevision
nouns
telescope,
teleswitch
5.Prefixesofattitude（表示态度的前缀）
Prefixesofattitude
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
co-
with,
joint
verbs
nouns
cooperate,
co-author,
co-driver
counter-
against,
inoppositionto
verbs
nouns
counteract,counterattack,counterpart
anti-
against
adj.
noun
adv.
anti-war,
anti-social,anti-nuclear,anti-clockwise
pro-
for
onthesideof
adj.
noun
pro-government,pro-American
6.Locativeprefixes（方位前缀）
Locativeprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
super-
over
above
nouns
superstructure
supernatural
sub-
under,
beneath
verbs
nouns
adj.
subway,
subsection,subconscious,subdivide,
sublet
inter-
between,
among
verbs
nouns
adj.
international
interpersonal
interact
internet
trans-
across,
fromonepalcetoanother
verbs
adj.
transatlantic,transplant,
transform
7.Prefixesoftimeandorder（时序前缀）
Prefixesoftimeandorder
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
fore-
before
verbs
nouns
foretell,
forewarn,foreknowledge,foresight
pre-
before
nouns
adj.
pre-school,
pre-war,
premarital
post-
after
nouns
adj.
post-war,
postelection,postgraduate,post-modern
ex-
former
humannouns
ex-president,
ex-wife
re-
again,
back
verbs
nouns
resell,
rebuild,
resettlement,reelection
8.Numberprefixes（数字前缀）
Numberprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
uni-
mono-
one
nouns
adj.
uniform,
unilateral
monorail,monolingual
bi-
di-
two
nouns
adj.
bicycle,
bilingual,
dioxide,
diovular
tri-
three
nouns
adj.
tripod,
triangle,
trilingual
kilo-
thousand
nouns
kilogram,
kilometer
centi-
hundredthpart
nouns
centigrade,
centimeter
multi-
poly
many
nouns
adj.
multimillionaire,multinational,polyester,
polyatomic
9.Conversionprefixes（转换前缀）
Conversionprefixes
Addedto
Toform
Examples
be-
nouns
adj.
verbs
transitiveverbs,
adj.
befriend,
belittle,
befall,
bespectacled
en-,
em-
nouns
verbs
endanger,
empower
a-
verbs
adj.
asleep,
awash,
afloat
10.Otherprefixes
Otherprefixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
auto-
self
nouns
adj.
autobiography,automatic
neo-
new,
revived
nouns
adj.
neo-classicism,neo-Nazi,
neo-liberal
pan-
all,
world-wide
adj.
pan-African,pan-American
semi-
half
nouns
adj.
semicircle,semidarkness,semi-final
thermo-
heat
nouns
thermochemistry,thermometer
vice-
deputy
nouns
vice-chairman,vice-president
Suffixes
1.Nounsuffixes
Nounsuffixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
-er,
-or
apersonorthingthatdoes
verbs
driver,
employer,
actor,
resistor
-ee
apersonaffectedby（anaction）
verbs
employee,
trainee
-ant
apersonorthingthatdoes
verbs
inhabitant,
contestant,disinfectant
-ion,
-ation,
-sion
state,
action,
institution,ect
verbs
action,
extension,organization,foundation
-ment
state,
action,etc
verbs
movement,arrangement,amazement,excitement
-al
action
verbs
refusal,
arrival
-ing
activity,
state,
resultsfromtheactivity
verbs
bathing,
driving,
building,
opening,
earning,
shavings
-age
extent,amount
verbs
coverage,
wastage,
shrinkage
-ence,-ance
state,action
verbs
dependence,assistance,
resistance
-ure
actionorprocess
verbs
failure,
exposure
-ster,-eer
personengagedinanactivityoroccupation
nouns
gangster,
profiteer
-let
small,
unimportant
nouns
booklet,
starlet
-ette
small,
compact,
female
nouns
kitchenette,suffragette
-ess
female
nouns
waitress,
actress
-hood,
-ship,
-dom
status,
condition,
domain
nouns
childhood,
friendship,
kingdom
-ology
scientificstudyof
nouns
biology,
geology
-ery
behavior,
placeofactivity,collectivity
nouns
bravery,
slavery,
nunnery,
machinery
-ing
materialusedfor
nouns
tubing,
matting
-ful
amountcontained
nouns
mouthful,
spoonful,
handful
-ese
nationality
propernouns
Chinese,
Japanese
-ite
memberofcommunity,tribe,type
nouns,
adj.
socialite
-an,-ian
belongingto
nouns,
adj.
Indonesian,
Parisian,
Republican
-ist
memberofanoccupation,party,etc
nouns,
adj.
violinist,
tourist,
racialist,
socialist
-ism
doctrine,politicalorartisticmovement
nouns,
adj.
communism,feminism,impressionism
-ness,-ity
state,quality,etc
adj.
kindness,
happiness,
purity,
possibility
2.Verbsuffixes
Verbsuffixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
-ify,
-ize,
-ise
makeorbecome
nouns
adj.
beautify,
simplify,
popularize,
modernize
-en
makeorbecome
adj.
quicken,
ripen,
deafen,
widen
3.Adjectivesuffixes
Adjectivesuffixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
-ful
fullof,
havingorgiving
nouns
useful,
successful,
hopeful
-less
without,
notgiving
nouns
childless,
speechless,
careless
-ly,
-like
havingthequalitiesof
nouns
manly,
worldly,statesmanlike,childlike
-y
Like,
fullof,
coveredwith,ect
nouns
silky,
meaty,
hairy
-ish
belongingto,
havingthecharacterof,etc
nouns
Swedish,
foolish,
selfish,
boyish
-some
producing,
likelyto
nouns
burdensome,troublesome
-worthy
deservingoforsuitablefor
nouns
trustworthy,seaworthy
-arian
believingin,
practicing
nouns
humanitarian,vegetarian,authoritarian
-al,
-ial,
-ic,
-ical
oforconcerning
nouns
musical,
editorial,
heroic,
historic,
economical
-ive,-ous
havingatendencytoorthequalityof
nouns
attractive,
expensive,
dangerous,mountainous
-able,-ible
havingorshowingthequalityof
nouns
comfortable,
horrible
-free
without
nouns
carefree,
dutyfree
-ed
having
nouns
walled,
pointed,open-mouthed,simple-minded
-ish
somewhat
adj.
youngish,
reddish,
tallish
-able,
-ible
thatmayormustbe,tendingto
verbs
eatable,
readable,
changeable,
divisible
-ant,
-ent
thathas,shows,ordoes
verbs
significant,
different,
insistent
4.Adverbsuffixes
Adverbsuffixes
Meaning
Addedto
Examples
-ly
Ina…manner
adj.
happily,
easily,
surprisingly
-ward,
-wards
manneranddirectionofmovement
adv.
nouns
onward（s）,backward（s）,homeward（s）,westward（s）
-wise
Inthemannerof,
asfaras…isconcerned
nouns
Clockwise,
otherwise,weather-wise,education-wise
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