江苏专用高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破10主旨大意标题归纳题优选习题.docx
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江苏专用高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破10主旨大意标题归纳题优选习题
十、主旨大意——标题归纳题
(2018·浙江,B)
StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein’sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.
Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.
Amongthebagmakers’arguments:
manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.
Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:
reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.
Environmentalistsdon’tdispute(质疑)thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文,主要介绍了环境科学家史蒂文·斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法,由此引出了对于塑料袋、纸袋、可重复使用袋的讨论。
24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?
A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.
B.Recyclethewastematerial.
C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.
D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。
根据文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知,塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害,所以D项“据理支持使用塑料袋”正确。
25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inParagraph2referto?
A.Bansonplasticbags.
B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.
C.Headachescausedbygarbage.
D.Plasticbagshungintrees.
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。
画线单词所在句意为“看到这种‘逆风’,塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害。
”联系上一句“Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesin...”可知,A项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。
26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?
A.Theyarequiteexpensive.
B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.
C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.
D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。
根据题干信息“可重复使用的购物袋的缺点”可定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“...longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.”,这种可长期重复使用的购物袋的生产需要更多的能源,故选D项。
27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.Plastic,PaperorNeither
B.Industry,PollutionandEnvironment
C.RecycleorThrowAway
D.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl
答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。
本文主要叙述了三方面的内容:
塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾”;塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策——用可重复使用的购物袋;环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。
故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。
一、题型解读
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。
设问形式常有:
(1)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
(2)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage/text?
(3)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
(4)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis.
一个好的标题应具备三大特点:
概括——准确而又简短;针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符;醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
二、解题技巧
1.“高度概括”定标题
(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。
标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面。
为吸引读者的注意,标题往往比较醒目。
(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断,但在某些文章中,如记叙文,没有明确的主题句,需要根据文中的事实细节,查找文章的“主线”,归纳出文章的主题。
2.文章标题三特点
(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式,短语居多;
(2)短小精悍,精确性强;
(3)涵盖性强,能覆盖全文大意。
例如:
【真题感悟】中第27题,要求概括标题,本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题;纸袋容易回收,但生产成本高;环保专家认为塑料袋和纸袋都不要用。
对这三个方面进行了对比,Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文,又能吸引读者,适合作为标题。
A
(2018·河南六市第一次联考)
Inthefallof1988,IvisitedmanyBuddhisttemples,butafterawhiletheyallbeganto9fadefrommymemories.However,therewasonetemplethatleftagreatimpressioninmyheart.
ItiscalledtheTempleoftheGoldenBuddha.Afterwalkingarounditandtakingsomephotos,Iwalkedovertoaglasscase,nexttowhichwasatypewrittenpagedescribingthehistoryofthismagnificentpieceofart.
Backin1957agroupofmonksfromamonastery(修道院)hadto5relocatea1clayBuddhafromtheirtempletoanewlocation.Themonasterywastoberelocatedtomakeroomforthedevelopmentofahighway.Whenthecrane(吊车)begantoliftit,theweightofitwassolargethatitbeganto2crack.What’smore,rainbegantofall.Theheadmonkdecidedtolowerthestatuebacktothegroundandcoveritwithalargeoilclothtoprotectitfromtherain.
LaterthateveningtheheadmonkwenttocheckontheBuddha.Heshinedhisflash-lightundertheoilclothtoseeiftheBuddhawasstayingdry.Asthelightreachedthecrack,henoticedalittlebeamshiningbackandthoughtitstrange.Ashetookacloserlookatthisbeamoflight,hewonderediftheremightbesomethingunderneaththeclay.Hewenttofetchachiselandhammerfromthemonasteryandbegantochipawayattheclay.Asheknockedoffpiecesofclay,thelittlebeamgrewbrighterandbigger.Manyhoursoflaborwentbybeforethemonkstoodfacetofacewiththeextraordinarysolid-goldBuddha.
Historiansbelievethatseveralhundredyearsbeforetheheadmonk’sdiscovery,thearmywasabouttoinvadethecountry.Themonks,realizingthattheircountrywouldsoonbeattacked,coveredtheirpreciousgoldenBuddhawithanoutercoveringofclayinordertokeeptheirtreasurefrombeingrobbedbytheenemy.
Unfortunately,itappearsthattheenemykilledallthemonks,andthewell-keptsecretofthegoldenBuddharemaineduncovereduntilthedayin1957.
AsIflewhomeIbegantothinktomyself,“WeareallliketheclayBuddhacoveredwithashellofhardnesscreatedoutoffear,andyetunderneatheachofusisa‘goldenBuddha’,a‘goldenChrist’,ora‘goldenspirit’,whichisourrealself.Somewherealongtheway,betweentheagesoftwoandnine,webegintocoverupour‘goldenspirit’,ournaturalself.Muchlikethemonkwiththehammerandthechisel,ourtasknowistodiscoverourtruespiritonceagain.”
语篇解读 本文作者通过讲述金佛寺中金佛不同寻常的历史,说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛,要发现自己真正的金色。
1.WhatmadethemonkscovertheBuddhawithalargeoilcloth?
A.Hidingitfrombeingstolen.
B.Protectingitfromtherain.
C.Protectingitfrombeingdamaged.
D.Avoidingbeingseen.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。
根据第三段末句“Theheadmonkdecidedtolowerthestatuebacktothegroundandcoveritwithalargeoilclothtoprotectitfromtherain.”可知,修道士们在金佛上盖上一块大油布是为了保护佛像不被雨淋。
故选B。
2.WhywastheauthorgreatlyimpressedbythegoldenBuddha?
A.Becausehelikesitverymuch.
B.Becauseitdiffersfromothers.
C.Becauseofitshistory.
D.Becauseoftheprotectionofthemonks.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。
根据第二段末句“...Iwalkedovertoaglasscase,nexttowhichwasatypewrittenpagedescribingthehistoryofthismagnificentpieceofart.”及下文的具体介绍可知,这个金佛给作者留下了深刻印象是因为它的不寻常的历史。
故选C。
3.Whatmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?
A.VisitingBuddhistTemples
B.TheGoldenBuddha
C.ProtectingTheirCountry
D.RelocatingtheBuddha
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。
作者通过讲述金佛寺中的金佛出于保护被涂上一层粘土,经雨淋后露出本来面目,揭开了其不同寻常的历史。
作者以此说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛,要发现自己真正的金色。
“TheGoldenBuddha(金色的佛)”贯穿全文,适合作为标题。
故选B。
4.Whatadviceisgiventousaccordingtothepassage?
A.Coveringupourselves.
B.Findingthetruth.
C.Discoveringourtruespirit.
D.Buildingupourbelief.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。
根据最后一段最后一句中的“ourtasknowistodiscoverourtruespiritonceagain”可知,作者建议我们要发现自己真正的精神。
故选C。
B
(2018·山东枣庄一模)
3Dprintingisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.Wearenowabletocreatethingsweneedveryquicklyandeasilyusing3Dprinters.Butcanyouimagineprintingfood?
Somescientistsaretryingto3revolutionizethediningexperiencebydoingthis.Theyhopethathavinga3Dprinterinthekitchenwillbeascommonasthemicrowaveovenorblender.
Scientistssaythatit’llbequiteeasy:
yousimplyhavetoselecta4recipeandputtherawfood‘inks’intotheprinter.Youcanalsomodifytheinstructionstomakethefoodexactlyhowyouwantit.Thismeansthatitwouldbeveryquickandeasytocreatetastyandnutritiousmeals.
Using3Dprinterstocreateyourmealswouldalsobesavingtheenvironment.Therewouldbelessneedfortraditionalgrowing,transportingandpackagingprocessesasfoodproductionwouldbealotmoreefficient.Forexample,6alternativeingredients(原料)suchasproteinsfromalgae,beetrootleavesandinsectscouldbe7convertedintotastyproducts.
Printingfoodcouldalsohelppeoplewhosufferfromdysphasia(aswallowingdisorder).Theycouldprogramtheprintertoprintsofterversionsoftheirfavoritefoodssothattheywouldnothavetroubleinswallowingthem.
However,somepeoplethinkthatafutureof3Dfoodprintingwouldbeadisaster.Itcouldtakeawaymanyjobs,includingthoseforgrowing,transportingandpackagingfood.Imagineaworldwheretherewasnoneedforfarmingorgrowingcropsandthesametastescouldbeprintedfromaraw“foodink”.8Likewise,traditionalcafesandrestaurantsmightlosebusiness.Also,thereareconcernsaboutthenutritionalvalueofprintedfood:
isitreallypossibletogetthenutrientsweneedfromfood-basedinksandgels(凝胶)?
What’smore,cookingandeatingtogetherwithfamilyandfriendshaslongbeenatraditionalandenjoyableactivity.Itishardtoimagineaworldwherethepleasureofcookingisdeadandmealscanbecreatedatthetouchofabutton.
语篇解读 本文介绍了一项新技术——3D食物打印,它是一种能像打印文件一样把食物“印”出来的技术。
5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes3Dfoodprinting?
A.Quickandpopular.
B.Easyandefficient.
C.Nutritiousandtasty.
D.Softandconvenient.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。
根据第三段最后一句“Thismeansthatitwouldbeveryquickandeasytocreatetastyandnutritiousmeals.”可知,3D食物打印很快、很容易就能创造出好吃、有营养的食物。
故选B。
6.Whydosomethinkthat3Dfoodprintingwouldbeadisaster?
A.Traditionalfoodwoulddisappear.
B.Manypeop