美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题4含答案.docx

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题4含答案.docx

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美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题4含答案

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题4（含答案）

SECTIONI

　　Time35minutes27Questions

　　Directions:

Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

　　Untilthe1980s,mostscientistsbelievedthatnoncatastrophicgeologicalprocessescausedtheextinctionofdinosaursthatoccurredapproximately66millionyearsago,attheendoftheCretaceousperiod.Geologistsarguedthatadramaticdropinsealevelcoincidedwiththeextinctionofthedinosaursandcouldhavecausedtheclimaticchangesthatresultedinthisextinctionaswellastheextinctionofmanyoceanspecies.

　　Thisviewwasseriouslychallengedinthe1980sbythediscoveryoflargeamountsofiridiuminalayerofclaydepositedattheendoftheCretaceousperiod.BecauseiridiumisextremelyrareinrocksontheEarth’ssurfacebutcommoninmeteorites,researcherstheorizedthatitwastheimpactofalargemeteoritethatdramaticallychangedtheearth’sclimateandthustriggeredtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.

　　Currentlyavailableevidence,however,offersmoresupportforanewtheory,thevolcanic-eruptiontheory.AvasteruptionoflavainIndiacoincidedwiththeextinctionsthatoccurredattheendoftheCretaceousperiod,andthereleaseofcarbondioxidefromthisepisodeofvolcanismcouldhavecausedtheclimaticchangeresponsibleforthedemiseofthedinosaurs.SuchoutpouringsoflavaarecausedbyinstabilityinthelowestlayeroftheEarth’smantle,locatedjustabovetheEarth’score.AstherockthatconstitutesthislayerisheatedbytheEarth’score,itbecomeslessdenseandportionsofiteventuallyescapeupwardasblobsormoltenrock,called“diapirs,”thatcan,undercertaincircumstances,eruptviolentlythroughtheEarth’scrust.

　　Moreover,thevolcanic-eruptiontheory,liketheimpacttheory,accountsforthepresenceofiridiuminsedimentarydeposits;italsoexplainsmattersthatthemeteorite-impacttheorydoesnot.AlthoughiridiumisextremelyrareontheEarth’ssurface,thelowerregionsoftheEarth’smantlehaveroughlythesamecompositionasmeteoritesandcontainlargeamountsofiridium,whichinthecaseofadiapireruptionwouldprobablybeemittedasiridiumhexafluoride,agasthatwoulddispersemoreuniformlyintheatmospherethantheiridium-containingmatterthrownoutfromameteoriteimpact.Inaddition,thevolcanic-eruptiontheorymayexplainwhytheendoftheCretaceousperiodwasmarkedbyagradualchangeinsealevel.Fossilrecordsindicatethatforseveralhundredthousandyearspriortotherelativelysuddendisappearanceofthedinosaurs,theleveloftheseagraduallyfell,causingmanymarineorganismstodieout.ThischangeinsealevelmightwellhavebeentheresultofadistortionintheEarth’ssurfacethatresultedfromthemovementofdiapirsupwardtowardtheEarth’scrust,andthemorecataclysmicextinctionofthedinosaurscouldhaveresultedfromtheexplosivevolcanismthatoccurredasmaterialfromthediapirseruptedontotheEarth’ssurface.

　　1.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringthe1980sresearchersfoundmeteoriteimpactaconvincingexplanationfortheextinctionofdinosaurs,inpartbecause

　　（A）earliertheorieshadfailedtoaccountforthegradualextinctionofmanyoceanspeciesattheendoftheCretaceousperiod

　　（B）geologistshad,upuntilthattime,underestimatedtheamountofcarbondioxidethatwouldbereleasedduringanepisodeofexplosivevolcanism

　　（C）ameteoritecouldhaveservedasasourceoftheiridiumfoundinalayerofclaydepositedattheendoftheCretaceousperiod

　　（D）notheoryrelyingonpurelygeologicalprocesseshad,upuntilthattime,explainedthecauseoftheprecipitousdropinsealevelthatoccurredattheendoftheCretaceousperiod

　　（E）theimpactofalargemeteoritecouldhaveresultedinthereleaseofenoughcarbondioxidetocauseglobalclimaticchange

　　2.Accordingtothepassage,thelowerregionsoftheEarth’smantlearecharacterizedby

　　（A）acompositionsimilartothatofmeteorites

　　（B）theabsenceofelementsfoundinrocksontheEarth’scrust

　　（C）agreaterstabilitythanthatoftheupperregions

　　（D）thepresenceoflargeamountsofcarbondioxide

　　（E）auniformlylowerdensitythanthatoftheupperregions

　　3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichoneofthefollowingwastrueofthelavathateruptedinIndiaattheendoftheCretaceousperiod?

　　（A）ItcontainedlesscarbondioxidethandidthemeteoritesthatwerestrikingtheEarth’ssurfaceduringthatperiod.

　　（B）Itwasmoredensethanthemoltenrock,locatedjustabovetheEarth’score.

　　（C）ItreleasedenoughiridiumhexafluorideintotheatmospheretochangetheEarth’sclimatedramatically.

　　（D）ItwasricheriniridiumthanrocksusuallyfoundontheEarth’ssurface.

　　（E）ItwasricheriniridiumthanwerethemeteoritesthatwerestrikingtheEarth’ssurfaceduringthatperiod.

　　4.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichoneofthefollowing?

　　（A）describingthreetheoriesandexplainingwhythelatestoftheseappearstobethebestofthethree

　　（B）attackingtheassumptionsinherentintheoriesthatuntilthe1980shadbeenlargelyacceptedbygeologists

　　（C）outliningtheinadequaciesofthreedifferentexplanationsofthesamephenomenon

　　（D）providingconcreteexamplesinsupportofthemoregeneralassertionthattheoriesmustoftenberevisedinlightofnewevidence

　　（E）citingevidencethatappearstoconfirmtheskepticismofgeologistsregardingaviewheldpriortothe1980s

　　5.Theauthorimpliesthatifthetheorydescribedinthethirdparagraphistrue,whichoneofthefollowingwouldhavebeentrueofiridiumintheatmosphereattheendoftheCretaceousperiod?

　　（A）ItslevelofconcentrationintheEarth’satmospherewouldhavebeenhighduetoaslowbutsteadyincreaseintheatmosphericiridiumthatbeganintheearlyCretaceousperiod.

　　（B）ItsconcentrationintheEarth’satmospherewouldhaveincreasedduetothedramaticdecreaseinsealevelthatoccurredduringtheCretaceousperiod.

　　（C）Itwouldhavebeendirectlyresponsiblefortheextinctionofmanyoceanspecies.

　　（D）ItwouldhavebeenmoreuniformlydispersedthaniridiumwhosesourcehadbeentheimpactofameteoriteontheEarth’ssurface.

　　（E）ItwouldhavebeenmoreuniformlydispersedthanindiumreleasedintotheatmosphereasaresultofnormalgeologicalprocessesthatoccuronEarth.

　　6.Thepassagesupportswhichoneofthefollowingclaimsaboutthevolcanic-eruptiontheory?

　　（A）ItdoesnotrelyonassumptionsconcerningthetemperatureofmoltenrockatthelowestpanoftheEarth’smantle.

　　（B）Itmayexplainwhatcausedthegradualfallinsealevelthatoccurredforhundredsofthousandsofyearspriortothemoresuddendisappearanceofthedinosaurs.

　　（C）Itbasesitsexplanationontheoccurrenceofperiodsofincreasedvolcanicactivitysimilartothoseshowntohavecausedearliermassextinctions.

　　（D）ItmayexplaintherelativescarcityofiridiuminrocksontheEarth’ssurfacecomparedtoitsabundanceinmeteorites.

　　（E）ItaccountsfortherelativelyunevendistributionofiridiuminthelayerofclaydepositedattheendoftheCretaceousperiod.

　　7.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtonthetheorydescribedinthelastparagraphofthepassage?

　　（A）FragmentsofmeteoritesthathavestrucktheEarthareexaminedandfoundtohaveonlyminusculeamountsofiridiumhexafluoridetrappedinsideofthem.

　　（B）MostdiapireruptionsinthegeologicalhistoryoftheEarthhavebeensimilarinsizetotheonethatoccurredinIndiaattheendoftheCretaceousperiodandhavenotbeensucceededbyperiodsofclimaticchange.

　　（C）TherehavebeenseveralperiodsinthegeologicalhistoryoftheEarth,beforeandaftertheCretaceousperiod,duringwhichlargenumbersofmarinespecieshaveperished.

　　（D）ThefrequencywithwhichmeteoritesstrucktheEarthwashigherattheendoftheCretaceousperiodthanatthebeginningoftheperiod.

　　（E）Marinespeciestendtobemuchmorevulnerabletoextinctionwhenexposedtoadramaticandrelativelysuddenchangeinsealevelthanwhentheyareexposedtoagradualchangeinsealevelsimilartotheonethatprecededtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.

　　参考答案：

1-7 CADADBB

Ithasbecomesomethingofatruisminfolklorestudiesthatuntilrecentlythelorewasmoreoftenstudiedthanthefolk.Thatis,folkloristsconcentratedonthefolklore—thesongs,tales,andproverbsthemselves—andignoredthepeoplewhotransmittedthatloreaspartoftheiroralculture.However,sincetheearly1970s,folklorestudieshavebeguntoregardfolkperformersaspeopleofcreativitywhoareasworthyofattentionasareartistswhotransmittheirideasinwriting.Thisshiftofemphasishasalsoencouragedagrowinginterestinwomenfolkperformers.

　　Untilrecently,folkloriststendedtocollectfolklorefromwomenononlyafewtopicssuchashealthandgames.Inotherareas,asWeigleandFarrerhavenoted,iffolklorists“hadachoicebetweenastoryastoldbyamanorastoldbyawoman,theman’sversionwaschosen.”Itisstilltooearlytotellhowprofoundlythissituationhaschanged,butonecanpointtoseveralrecentstudiesinwhichwomenperformersplaycentralroles.Perhapsmoretellingisthefocusofthemostrecentlypublishedmajorfolklore