美国文学论文.docx
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美国文学论文
摘要
关于“垮掉的一代”是很难用简单几个字就能形容清楚的,他们疯狂,放纵,堕落,沉沦;同时他们又坦率,真诚,积极,有追求。
他们并没有能力改变生活与其中的那个守旧古板的社会,他们能做到的只是厌倦和逃避,把金钱、地位、社会职责、家庭义务一概抛弃,从吸毒、性爱、爵士乐等感官欲望的满足来把握自我,解放个性,直接获得全新的生命体验。
他们试图通过直接获得生命体验,从而以人最基本的生命存在为基础,探索新的生活方式、新的信仰、新的价值观念、新的人与人之间的关系。
他们并没有“被击败”,更没有“垮掉”,他们的生活及艺术实践都显示出他们对人生进攻的姿态,他们追求冒险与创新,勇敢地探索人生真谛。
本文试着探究“垮掉”精神的本质,重新看待“垮掉”意义。
关键词:
“垮掉的一代”,极端行为,年轻面孔,信仰缺失
Abstract
It’sagenerationhardtosummaryinaword,theywerecrazy,undisciplined,desperateandself-indulgent,andhowever,theywerealsoactive,ambitiousandsincere.
Theycertainlydidnothavetheabilitytochangelifewhichisindeedconservativeandold-fashioned.Whattheycoulddowastoescapefromit,theygaveupmoney,status,socialresponsibilityandfamilyobligation,theygotpleasurefromtakingaddictivedrugs,sexualloveandjazzetc.Inpursuitofsensationalexperience,theytriedtofreethemselvesfromoldideas,andlookforanewlifestyle,newfaith,newvalues,andnewrelationswitheachother.Theyweren’t“beat”down,asthetermapparentlysuggested.Theirlifeandartpracticebothdemonstratetheiractiveattitudetowardsthelife. Theytookrisk,broughtforthnewideas,andexploredtrueessenceoflifebravely.
ThisarticletriestoprobeintotheessenceofthespiritoftheBeatGenerationandoffersanewpointofviewtoapproachthisculturaltrend.
KeyWords:
theBeatGeneration,extremebehavior,youngface,lostfaith
TableofContents
摘要…………………………………………………………………..………………..i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….ii
TableofContents…………………………………………………………...……..…iii
PartⅠ.introduction…………………………………………………...……………...1
partⅡ.“Thebeats”beatingthesociety…………….……………………………......1
2.1thelivingsocialenvironment………………………………………………...1
2.2thebehaviorof“TheBeats”…………………………..…..………………….12.2.1,Insociety……………………………………………………………….12.2.2,Inthefieldofliterature……………………………………………….2
partⅢ. “TheBeats”butnotdown……………………...………………………...3
3.1thedifferencebetween“theBeatgeneration”and“theLostGeneration”.3
3.2TheBeatsandreligion……………………...............................................4
3.3MyviewontheBeatGeneration……………………………………………..4
PartⅣ.Conclusion…………………………………………………………...................5
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………….6
"Beat"doesnotcollapse-——aboutthe"BeatGeneration"oftheU.S.in50s
PartI. Introduction
Likethe"LostGeneration"ofthe1920s,theAmerican"BeatGeneration"ofthe1950snamesbothaliterarycurrentandabroaderculturalphenomenonormood.Rejectingtheconformismandstresson"normality"oftheTrumanandEisenhoweryears,theBeatsemphasizedanopennesstovarietiesofexperiencebeyondthelimitsofmiddle-classsociety;theyexploredthecultural"underground"ofbebopjazz,druguse,"polymorphousperverse"sexuality,andnon-Westernreligions.
Theterm”Beat”wasreportedlycoinedbyJackKerouac(1922-1969,American)inthelate1940’s.Ashesaid“Ah,thisisnothingbutabeatgeneration”fromaspecificconversationbetweenHolmes(1926-1988,American)andhim,thisgreatmovementinAmericanhistorycameintobeing.ThenHolmes’scelebratedarticleinlate1952intheNewYorkTimesMagazinecarriedtheheadlinetitle“ThisistheBeatGeneration”,thatcaughtthepubliceye.ButitbecamemorecommonataboutthetimethatwriterslikeAllenGinsberg(1926-1997,American)andLawrenceFerlinghetti(1919,American)werebeginningtogetnoticed.ItwasquicklybecomingaslangterminAmericaafterWorldWar11,meaning“exhausted”or“beatdown”andprovidedthisgenerationwithadefinitivelabelfortheirpersonalandsocialpositionsandperspectives.
partⅡ.“TheBeats”beatingthesociety
2.1,thelivingsocialenvironment
It’sapostwargeneration,afterWorldWarII,lifeinAmericawasdullandstatic.Dadwentofftowork,mommindedthehouseanditseemedlikeeveryonewouldhaveajob,securityandhappiness.Visionariesatthetime,however,sawthatthisidyllicprosperitywasartificialandtemporary;theywantedlifenow,notatage65.Theywentontheroad,hungoutinjazzbars,drankandreadpoetryandhowledatthemoon.TheycreatedanantithesiscalledtheBeatGeneration.The60sbroughtsuchculturalchangesasexpandedconsciousness,rock&roll,civilrightsandstrengtheneddemocracy.Sothewholesocietyfellintoastateofdepresses,especiallytheyouthwhoweregivenup,behavedwithnakedintuition,wentallout,advancedbravely.
2.2,thebehaviorof“TheBeats”
2.2.1,Insociety
Amanisbeatwheneverhegoesforbrokeandwagersthesumofhisresourcesonasinglenumber;andtheyounggenerationhasdonethatcontinuallyfromearlyyouth.'Whydon'tpeopleleaveusalone?
'Itwasthefaceofabeatgeneration,alsoaspiritualcrisis,theirmisery,protest,explorationanddegradation…Itsmembershaveaninstinctiveindividuality,needingnobohemianismorimposedeccentricitytoexpressit.Broughtupduringthecollectivebadcircumstancesofadrearydepression,weanedduringthecollectiveuprootingofaglobalwar,theydistrustcollectivity.Buttheyhaveneverbeenabletokeeptheworldoutoftheirdreams.Thefanciesoftheirchildhoodinhabitedthehalf-lightofMunich,theNazi-Sovietpact,andtheeventualblackout.
2.2.2,Inthefieldofliterature
ThecentralBeatwriters--WilliamBurroughs,AllenGinsberg,andJackKerouacbecamenationallyfamousthankstoAllenGinsberg'sHowlandOtherPoems(1956)andtheobscenitytrialthatfolloweditspublication,thenKerouac’sOnTheRoad,Burrough’s(1914-1997,American)NakedLunchallbecametherepresentativeworkoftheBeatGeneration.Theywrotejustastheybehaved,livinginNewYorkandSanFrancisco.Besidestheirenthusiasmforjazzanddrugs,thegrouparoundBurroughs,Ginsberg,andKerouacsharedaninterestinliteraryexperimentation.Theirworkstressedspontaneousanduncensoredwriting,oftenbasedontheirownexperiencesamongsmall-timecriminalsanddrifters.TheyinfluencedawholegenerationofAmericanyouthbytheircrazylivingstyle.
Inart,theopeningofthesymposium'sBeatfilmfestivalfeaturesaneerie,disorienting,black-and-whitefilmbyJonasMekas,GunsoftheTrees,whichtellsafragmentedtaleofdisaffectedyouthinableakColdWarworld.MekasarrivedintheUnitedStatesfromEasternEuropeinthe50s,virtuallypenniless.Hesleptonfloorsandatewhenhecouldashescrapedtogethertheresourcestomakehismovie.MekasremarksthattheBeatsneverknewtheywereamovement,theyjustknewtheyhadalotoffriendswhowereartists.Theysharedtheirworkandtheexcitementoftheirflourishingcreativity.
partⅢ. “TheBeats”butnotdown
3.1,thedifferencebetween“theBeatgeneration”and“theLostGeneration”
Itisalreadybeingcomparedtothatotherpostwargeneration,whichdubbeditself'lost'.TheRoaringTwenties,andthegenerationthatmadethemroar,aregoingthroughasentimentalrevival,andthecomparisonisvaluable.TheLostGenerationwasdiscoveredinaroadster,laughinghystericallybecausenothingmeantanythinganymore.Everyactinitsdramaoflostnesswasatragicorironicthirdact,andT.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLandwasmorethanthedead-endstatementofaperceptivepoet.Thepervadingatmosphereofthatpoemwasanalmostobjectlesssenseofloss,throughwhichthereaderfeltimmediatelythatthecohesionofthingshaddisappeared.Itwas,foranentiregeneration,animagewhichexpressed,withdreadfulaccuracy,itsownspiritualcondition."
Butthewildboysoftodayarenotlost.Theyweren’treluctanttothevaluelessthingsofthemainstreamofmorality,theywereaddictedinseeingpleasureandmakingmerry,theyexperiencedsortsofdegeneratelifewithcuriositybutnodestroy.Theonlythingthatcouldmakethembelievewasthefirst-handexperienceandthenthestimulatedthought,theirmindsweredistillatedinthefreebody,broughtpeoplethecouragefacingreality.Furthermore,therepeatedinventoryofshatteredideals,andthelamentsaboutthemudinmoralcurrents,whichsoobsessedtheLostGeneration,doesnotconcernyoungpeopletoday.
Onlythemostbitteramongthemwouldcalltheirrealityanightmareandprotestthattheyhaveindeedlostsomething,thefuture.Foreversincetheywereoldenoughtoimagineone,thathasbeeninjeopardyanyway.Theabsenceofpersonalandsocialvaluesistothem,notarevelationshakingthegroundbeneaththem,butaproblemdemandingaday-to-daysolution.Toliveseemstothemmuchmorecrucialthanwhy.UnliketheLostGeneration,whichwasoccupiedwiththelossoffaith,theBeatGenerationisbecomingmoreandmoreoccupiedwiththeneedforit.
3.2,TheBeatsandreligion
Amongthosebeats,themostvulgarorthevoidest,allconcernaboutthefaith.Livinginsuchdepressedsociety,peoplecan’tkeeptheircharacter,orspeakforthemselves,butthebeatswereexploringperseveringlyandpainfully.It’samiserablecourse,mostofthemfallintoperplexity,contradictionanddisappointed,soatthistimeBuddhismbegintospreadamongthem,it'sanattitudeoflivingwithoutanydesire,aphilosophyofseizingthehourandmakingmerryintime,allthatjustaccordwiththedeclarationofthegeneration“rebelwithoutgoal,personswhoagitatewithoutslogan,revolutionarywithoutguidingprinciple”.
ThisBeatGenerationisareligiousgeneration.
3.3,MyviewontheBeatGeneration
Perhapsmanypeoplehavenotnoticedthat,behindtheexcessontheonehand,andtheconformityontheother,liesthatwait-and-seedetachmentthatresultsfromhavingtofallbackforsupportmoreonone'scapacityforhumanenduran