习题答案.docx

习题答案.docx

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习题答案

Answers

Unit1

Part1Listening&Speaking

ListeningComprehension

1.C

2.B

3.A

原文如下：

Original

SoftwareEngineering

Today,computersoftwarehasbecomethekeyelementintheevolutionofcomputer-basedsystemsandproductsandoneofthemostimportanttechnologiesontheworldstage.Overthepast50years,softwarehasevolvedfromaspecializedproblemsolvingandinformationanalysistooltoanindustryinitselfandbecomesadominantfactorintheeconomiesoftheindustrializedworld.

Yetwestillhavetroubledevelopinghigh-qualitysoftwareontimeandwithinbudget.Whydoesittakesolongtogetsoftwarefinished?

Whyaredevelopmentcostssohigh?

Whycan’twefindallerrorsbeforewegivethesoftwaretoourcustomers?

Whydowespendsomuchtimeandeffortmaintainingexistingprograms?

Andwhydowecontinuetohavedifficultyinmeasuringprogressassoftwarebeingdevelopedandmaintained?

Thesequestionsandmanyothersdemonstratetheindustry’sconcernaboutsoftwareandthemannerinwhichitisdeveloped—aconcernthathasleadtotheadoptionofsoftwareengineeringpractice.

Then,whatissoftware?

Andwhichcharacteristicsofsoftwaremakeitdifferentfromotherthingsthathumanbeingsbuild?

Softwareisalogicalratherthanaphysicalsystemelement,andsomecharacteristicsmakesoftwarespecial.First,itisdifficultforacustomertospecifyrequirementscompletely,anddifficultforthesuppliertounderstandfullythecustomerneedsaswell.Indefiningandunderstandingrequirements,especiallychangingrequirements,largequantitiesofinformationneedtobecommunicatedandassimilatedcontinuously.Second,softwareisseeminglyeasytochangeandisprimarilyintangible,andmuchoftheprocessofcreatingsoftwareisalsointangible,involvingexperience,thoughtandimagination.Inaddition,itisdifficulttotestsoftwareexhaustively.

Software—programs,data,anddocuments—addressesawiderangeoftechnologyandapplicationareas,yetallsoftwareevolvesaccordingtoasetoflawsthathaveremainedthesameforover30years.Theintentofsoftwareengineeringistoprovideaframeworkandasolutionforbuildinghigherqualitysoftware.Itincludesgreateremphasisonsystematicdevelopment,aconcentrationonfindingouttheuser’srequirements,formal/semiformalspecificationsoftherequirementsofasystem,demonstrationofearlyversionofasystem（prototype）,greateremphasesontryingtoensureerrorfreecodeandsoon.

Fromthetimein1968whenthephrase“softwareengineering”wasfirstusedataNATOconferenceuntilthepresentday,softwarehascomealongway.Butitstillhasaverylongwaytogoifitistobeconsideredasmatureasotherengineeringdisciplines.

Dictation

1.known

2.projectmanager

3.OperatingSystem

4.human

5.publication

6.bookshelf

7.statement

8.manpower

9.later

10.law

11.environments

12.collaborative

13.individuals

14.originally

15.embodied

16.drop

17.circulation

18.programming

19.productivity

20.run

Part2ReadingandTranslating

SectionA

Ⅰ.

1.F

2.F

3.T

4.T

5.F

Ⅱ.

1.D

2.D

3.B

III.

（1）由于计算机与信息系统的结合以及复杂的图形用户界面而产生的新技术对软件工程师提出了新的要求。

（2）不同类型系统和使用这些系统的不同类型组织的广泛的多样性，意味着我们需要软件开发方法的多样性。

SectionB

Ⅰ.

1.F

2.T

3.F

4.F

5.T

Ⅱ.

1.C

2.D

3.D

III.

（1）当芯片设计者为微处理器开发各种各样的指令集的同时，他们增加了越来越复杂的指令，每个指令的执行都需要若干时钟周期。

Unit2

Part1Listening&Speaking

ListeningComprehension

1.A

2.C

3.C

原文如下：

Original

SoftwareRequirements

Itisnecessarytounderstandrequirementsbeforedesignandconstructionofacomputer-basedsystemcanbegin.Toaccomplishthis,asetofrequirementsengineeringtasksareconducted.Requirementsengineeringoccursduringthecustomercommunicationandmodelingactivitiesthatwehavedefinedforthegenericsoftwareprocess.Sevendistinctrequirementsengineeringfunctions—inception,elicitation,elaboration,negotiation,specification,validation,andmanagement—areconductedbymembersofthesoftwareteam.

Atprojectinception,thedeveloperandthecustomeraswellasotherstakeholdersestablishbasicproblemrequirements,defineoverridingprojectconstraints,andaddressmajorfeaturesandfunctionsthatmustbepresentforthesystemtomeetitsobjectives.Thisinformationisrefinedandexpandedduringelicitation,whichisarequirementsgatheringactivitythatmakesuseoffacilitatedmeetingsandthedevelopmentofuserscenarios.

Elaborationfurtherexpandsrequirementsintoananalysismodel—acollectionofscenario-based,activity-based,class-based,behavioral,andflow-orientedmodelelements.Avarietyofmodelingnotationsmaybeusedtocreatetheseelements.Themodelmayreferenceanalysispatterns-characteristicsoftheproblemdomainthathavebeenseentoreoccuracrossdifferentapplications.

Asrequirementsareidentifiedandtheanalysismodeliscreated,thesoftwareteamandotherprojectstakeholdersnegotiatethepriority,availability,andrelativecostofeachrequirement.Theintentofthisnegotiationistodeveloparealisticprojectplan.Inaddition,eachrequirementandtheanalysismodelasawholearevalidatedagainstcustomerneedtoensurethattherightsystemistobebuilt.

Dictation

1.engineers

2.follows

3.cases

4.same

5.projects

6.working

7.organizations

8.group

9.originally

10.built

11.overall

12.requirements

13.product

14.department

15.component

16.contrary

17.actually

18.achieve

19.purposes

20.operational

Part2ReadingandTranslating

SectionA

Ⅰ.

1.T

2.F

3.T

4.T

5.T

Ⅱ.

1.B

2.D

3.C

III.

（1）对于详细说明软件需求中的困难，根本原因源于其涉及客户、最终用户、以及软件开发人员的有关三方。

SectionB

Ⅰ.

1.F

2.F

3.T

4.T

5.T

Ⅱ.

1.A

2.B

3.D

III.

（1）正如我们所知，指示一台计算机如何执行一项任务的指令被称为计算机程序。

（2）这类软件包含大量数据——不像数据库软件，数据库软件销售时不带任何数据。

Unit3

Part1Listening&Speaking

ListeningComprehension

1.B

2.D

3.C

原文如下：

Original

SoftwareProjectPlanning

Therearemanydifferentplanningphilosophies.Somepeopleare“minimalists”,arguingthatchangeoftenobviatestheneedforadetailedplan.Othersare“traditionalists”,arguingthattheplanprovidesaneffectiveroadmap,andthemoredetailithas,thelesslikelytheteamwillbecomelost.Stillothersare“agilists”,arguingthataquick“planninggame”maybenecessary,buttheroadmapwillemergeas“realwork”onthesoftwarebegins.

Whattodo?

Onmanyprojects,over-planningistimeconsumingandfruitless（toomanythingschange）,butunder-planningisarecipeforchaos.Likemostthingsinlife,planningshouldbeconductedinmoderation,enoughtoprovideusefulguidancefortheteam–nomore,noless.

Inanexcellentpaperonsoftwareprocessandprojects,BarryBoehmstates:

“Youneedanorganizingprinciplethatscalesdowntoprovidesimpleplansforsimpleprojects.”Boehmsuggestsanapproachthataddressesprojectobjectives,milestonesandschedules,responsibilities,managementandtechnicalapproaches,andrequiredresources.HecallsittheW5HHprinciple,afteraseriesofquestionsthatleadtoadefinitionofkeyprojectcharacteristicandtheresultantprojectplan:

Whyisthesystembeingdeveloped?

Whatwillbedone?

Whenwillitbeaccomplished?

Thoseabovearethemostindispensable.Inaddition,Whoisresponsibleforafunction?

Wherearetheyorganizationallylocated?

Howwillthejobbedonetechnicallyandmanagerially?

AndHowmuchofeachresourceisneeded?

TheanswerstoBoehm’sW5HHquestionsareimportantregardlessofthesizeorcomplexityofasoftwareproject.

Dictation

1.activities

2.pre-defined

3.finite

4.process

5.schedule

6.classic

7.control

8.interacting

9.over-budget

10.quality

11.within

12.lifecycle

13.saying

14.baby

15.visible

16.choose

17.implied

18.inputs

19.pick

20.meeting

Part2ReadingandTranslating

SectionA

Ⅰ.

1.T

2.F

3.F

4.T

5.T

Ⅱ.

1.B

2.C

3.D

III.

（1）为了即使在风险存在的情况下能够达到项目目标，需要适当的风险管理。

（2）通过适当的监控，这些情况能够被识别，从而可以相应地改变计划。

SectionB

Ⅰ.

1.F

2.T

3.F

4.T

5.F

Ⅱ.

1.D

2.C

3.A

III.

（1）不过，主要区别在于，多用户操作系统排定在一个集中式计算机上的处理请求，而网络操作系统仅仅是将数据和程序路由到每个用户的本地计算机，实际处理是发生在每个用户的本地计算机上。

Unit4

Part1Listening&Speaking

ListeningComprehension

1.C

2.B

3.D

原文如下：

Original

ProjectTeam

Therearemanyreasonsthatsoftwareprojectsgetintotrouble.Manyprojects,inwhichthescaleofeffortsislarge,needtobedevelopedbyprojectteamsranginginsizefromtwotoseveralhundredpeople.Thatisleadingtocomplexity,confusion,andsignificantdifficultiesincoordinatingteammembers.Puttingtogetheragroupthatworkseffectivelyisthereforeacriticalmanagementtask.Agoodgrouphasateamspiritsothatthepeopleinvolvedaremotivatedbythesuccessofthegroupaswellasbytheirownpersonalgoals.

IanSommervilledescribesthisspiritas“cohesiveness”inhisbookSoftwareEngineering.Inacohesivegroup,membersthinkofthegroupasmoreimportantthantheindividualinit.Membersofawell-led,cohesivegroupareloyaltothegroup.Theyidentifywithgroupgoalsandwithothergroupmembers.Theyattempttoprotectthegroup,asanentity,fromoutsideinterference.Thismakesthegrouprobustandabletocopewithproblemsandunexpectedsituations.Thegroupcancopewithchangebyprovidingmutualsupportandhelp.Theadvantagesofacohesivegroupincludeagroupqualitystandardthatisestablishedbyconsensusandobservedbyself,groupmembersworkingcloselytogether,learningfromeachother,gettingtoknoweachother’swork,practicingegolessprogramming,and