机械制造业外文翻译外文文献英文文献制造业中的新技术制造业面临的挑战.docx

机械制造业外文翻译外文文献英文文献制造业中的新技术制造业面临的挑战.docx

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机械制造业外文翻译外文文献英文文献制造业中的新技术制造业面临的挑战

NewTechnologiesinManufacturingTheChallengeofmanufacturing

Theneedforqualifiedmanufacturingengineershasneverbeengreater.Tomeettoday’schallenges,itisnecessarytogainabroadbackgroundinbothmaterialsciences,design,andmanufacturingprocesses.Considerableemphasisisalsobeingplacedoncomputersciencesandautomaticcontrols.

Themanufacturingengineermastbeabletovisualizethewholeproblemofproductioninthecorrectperspectivefromthebasiccomponentmaterialsandtoolingthroughthestepbystepoperationalplanning,finalassembly,inspection,andshipment.

Themanufacturingengineerisresponsiblefortheexpenditureoflargesumsofmoneyfortoolingandmachinerytokeepproductiononacompetitivebasis.Henotonlyshouldbefamiliarwiththetheoreticalaspectsoffabrication,butalsomustbeabletoworkoutpractical“breadandbutter”problemsoftheproductionfloor.

Afewoftheareasinwhichamanufacturingengineercanbeexpectedtoworkareinplanningprocesslayouts,plantlayout,equipmentspecification,materialspecification,tooldesign,methodsdevelopment,workstandards,valueanalysis,andcostcontrol.

Asthemanufacturingengineergainsexperience,andifhehasahighdegreeofcreativityandinnovativeability,hecanexpecttobeinvolvedinthegenerationofmanufacturingsystemconcepts.Hewillalsobeinvolvedinthedevelopmentofnovelandspecializedequipment,researchintothephenomenaoffabricatingtechnologies,andmanufacturingfeasibilitystudiesofproposednewproducts.

Notalloftheinnovationsthatincreaseefficiencyofmanufactureareintheareaofmachinetools,inspection,orautomatedassemblyperse.Increasing

emphasiswillbeinthechallengeoftheindividualworker.Menonproduction

linescanbecometeams,collectivelyresponsiblefortheendproductratherthanforjustsomanyrepetitiousoperations.Underthisconcept,itistheteam’sresponsibilitytohelpdeterminethedistributionofwork,theoccupationofmachines,andthespeedandqualityofwork.Itisassumedthatthepersonnelwillbegivenbroadertrainingsothattheymighthavetheflexibilityandallaroundskilltobeabletostepinwherehelpisneeded.

Modernmanufacturingplanningalsoincludestheuseofthecomputertohandlethevastamountofdataneededtoutilizerawinformation,suchassalesforecastsandcustomerorders,indeterminingwhatistobepurchased,made,stored,etc（showninFigure5-1）.

Thecomputer,includingtheminicomputerandprogrammablecontrollers,willhaveincreasedimpactintheareasofproduct,tool,andprocessdesignforoptimumproduction.Computer-aideddesign（CAD）andcomputer-aidedmanufacture（CAM）havethepotentialofbeingthelargestsingledevelopmentmanufacturingsincetheindustrialrevolution.Whetherthefullpotentialwillberealizedisdependentonitsacceptancebyindustryandbycollegesanduniversitieswherefuturemanufacturingengineersaretrained.Thisisnottoimplythatconsiderablelearningdoesnottakeplaceoutsideoftheformalclassroom.Onthecontrary,becauseoftoday’sfloodofnewscientificandtechnicalknowledge,andtheastonishingpaceoftechnologicalchange,theengineerrisksobsolescenceunlesshemakessomeplansforself-study.However,evenshortcoursesandcolloquiumsmaynotbesufficient.Formanyareasofrapidtechnologicalchange,aworkcycleoffourorfiveyearsfollowedbyayearoncampusmaybeanormalpractice.

Purchasingcontrol

Orders

Manufact-uringcontrol

AssemblyworksheetsWarehousesheetsCodebooks

Costpricebreak-down

output

Figure5-1Thecomputer,withitsdatabanksandprograms,isanessentialpartofmanufacturingplanning

Automation

“Automation”isarelativelynewword,coinedin1935byD.S.Harder,thenvicepresidentinchargeofmanufacturingfortheFordMotorCompany.Theword,shortfor“automalization”impliesdoingsomethingautomaticallyorwithouthumanassistance.Thismayrefertoasingle

Automation

operationoranentirecontinuousprocess.

Automaticcontrolsystemsarenotaproductofthisgeneration,JamesWatt,asearlyas1788,conceivedofanautomaticspeedcontrolforhissteamengineintheformofafly-ballgovernor.Thetwoflyballs,actingbycentrifugalforce,wouldextendastherpmoftheengineincreased.This,inturn,causedamotionthatreducedtheopeningattheintakevalve.Withlesssteamintake,thespeedreducedandtheballsmovedclosertothecontrolshaft,thusreopeningtheintakevalve.

Anotherexampleofearlyautomationthatisstillcommoninmanyshopsisthefullyautomaticscrewmachine.Theinventor,ChristopherSpencer,hadworkedonmanuallyoperatedturretlathes.Herealizedthatbyattachingacamshaft,stripcams,levers,andsegmentgearsforactuatingtheturret,collate,andcrossslide,itcouldbemadetooperateautomatically.Thustheautomaticscrewmachinewasborn.Surprisinglyenough,Spencerdidnotrealizetheimportofhisinventionbutwascontenttoletthemachineproducescrewsandothersimilaritemsratherthantodevelopthemachineitself.

AboutthesametimeasSpencer’sautomaticscrewmachinewasbuiltintheUnitedStates,theSwisswereworkingoutsimilarideasforanautomaticscrewmachine.ThereseemstobesomereluctancetogiveanyonemancreditfortheinventionofwhathascometobeknownastheSwissautomaticscrewmachine.However,thecontributionsofabrilliantyoungengineernamedBachelorcannotbeignored.Hisconceptofmovingthematerialaxiallyasitwasbeingcutprovidedameansofgeneratinganinfinitevarietyofshapeswithaminimumoftooling.Themachine,entirelycam-operated,

4

NumericalControl

wasfullyautomatic.Onemancouldlookafterfiveorsixofthesemachines,primarilytoseethattheydidnotrunoutofmaterialandthatthepartsproducedwerewithintolerancelimits.

Numericalcontrol

Arelativelyshorttimeagomachineswereoperatedbycraftsmenwhodeterminedmanyvariablessuchasspeeds,feeds,depthofcut,etc.Nowmuchofthisworkisbeingassignedtocomputersandmachinesthatarenumericallycontrolled.Thewordnumericalisdefinedas“theexpressionofsomethingbynumbers”.Controlisdefinedas“the