雅思词汇第一讲.docx

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雅思词汇第一讲

第一讲.单词构词法

一.掌握构词法的重要性:

掌握英语构词法,对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助,主要好处。

Charge…with

Accusesbofsth

Arrestsbforsth

discharge

1.考试中,帮助我们辨认词类——通过一些词尾(后缀suffix)或词头(前缀

prefix)判断单词的词类。

1)Carefulhopefulhelpful(形容词后缀)-less表示否定,countless,

stainless,wirelessspotless

2)carelessnesshappinesssadness

3)belittlebefriend

4)enlargeshortenwidenbroaden

enslaveendangerenrichendear

2.在考试中,帮助我们了解单词词义,不少词缀有特殊含义,可以举一反三。

Kilogramkilowattimpossibleimpolite

3帮助扩大词汇,掌握几千基础词后,通过构词法,可以比较容易地把词汇量扩大到一万以上。

Couragecourageouscourageouslyencourage

encouragementdiscouragediscouragement

二.常见的前缀

1.表示否定意义的前缀

1)纯否定前缀

1.deemphasizedecentralize

modernizeindustrialize

decolonize

2.dis-dishonest,dislikedisorder

outoforder

inorder

infashion

outoffashion

inseason

outofseason

inplace合适的,恰当的,在原来的位置

outofplace

inpower

outofpower

indebt

outofdebt

disobeydisapprove

in-,im,il,ir,

incapable,inability,impossible,

immoral,impolite

immatureimbalance

illegal,illogicalilliterate

irregularirresponsible

non-non-smokernon-violent

non-specialistnon-profit

un-unable,unemployment

employee

employer

takeon

fire

sack

unconsicousuncertainty

2)表示错误的,不好的,假的意义

mal-,malnutrition,

maladjustment(失调)

maltreatment

malformed畸形

mis-,mistake,misleadmisuse,

misunderstandmisjudge,

misprintmisinformation

pseudo-,pseudonym(假名),

pseudoscience

3)表示反动作的意思

dis-,disarm,disconnect

un-,unload,卸载uncoveruntie

unfoldunlockundress

download

upload

4)表示相反,相互对立意思

anti-,antiknockanti-quakeanti-shake(防震),antiforeign,(排外的)

antiwar

Anti-pollution(防污染)

counter-,counter-reaction,

Counter-revolution

counterclockwise

2.其他有用的前缀

1.all-纯,全是all-wool,all-new

all-season

3.arch-大的,主要的

arch-enemyarch-rival

4.auto-自动的auto-timer

自己的autobiography

5.bi-bifocalbilingual

Bicycle

bio-biochemicalbiotechnology

ology

monologue

dialogue

tri

centi-百分之一的centimeter

co-共同的,共同co-authorco-exist

double-假的,空的double-talk

intheair

ever-一直的,不断地ever-present经常存在的evergreen

absent-minded

everlasting

extra-,表示“额外”特别的

extra-strong,extra-large

ex-ex-president,ex-loverex-husband

fore-前面的,前部的,

forehead,forelegforetellforesee

free-carefree,taxfreeworry-free

inter-,在……间,相互international,

interaction,internet

medi-,med-,mid-,中,中间,middaymid-summer仲夏midlife

milli-千分之一millimeter

mini-minibus

miniskirtminicomputer

laptop

new-新近newbornnewfoundnew-weddednew-baked

over-morethat

overeatoverdoover-estimate

underestimate

over-anxious

over-cautiousover-confident

overdoseoverchargeoverweight

overwork

post-,向后,…之后,postwar,

post-electionpost-liberation

postgraduate

undergraduate

graduate

pre-

邮政postmark邮戳postcardpostbox

PostcodePINpersonalidentification

pre-在前,…之前prewarpre-birthpre-maritalpreview

pre-revolutionpreview

prefix,preface,preposition

pro-亲…支持….Pro-governmentpro-communist

re-re-openrewriteremarry

rebuild

reappearreconsiderreview

self-self-educatedself-employed

self-defense

self-criticismself-controlself-analysis

semi-semi-automaticsemi-circle

semi-annual

sub-subway,submarine,subnormal

substandard

super-超级的super-clever

super-cheapsuperpower

supernormal

trans-穿越,跨越,从…到…

transplanttransatlantic

under-,在…..下面,不足的

under-developedundernourished

under-estimateunderground

undergraduate,underwater,

underline

up-,表示“向上,向上面,在上”

upward,uphold,uphill

vice-

vice-chairmanvice-president

vice-minister

well-well-behavedwell-dressed

well-educated

literate

well-known

well-paid

三.表示数量的前缀

1).单一,一mono-,monotone(单调),

monopoly,垄断monologue

monohorn,monocycle

uni-,unicellular(单细胞)

2)表示“二,两,双”

ambi-,ambiguous,模棱两可amphibian(两栖类)

bi-,bicycle,di-dialogue

3)tri-triangle

4)quadr-quadrangle

5)表示“十”deca,deco-,dec-decade,

AScoreofyearsago,

6)表示"许多,复,多数”

multi-,mult-,multimetre(万用表)

multinational

multipurpose

poly-,polysyllable,

7)表示“半,一半”

hemi-,hemisphere

semi-,semiconductor,semitransparent

pene-,pen-,peninsula

四.表示术语的前缀

1)aud-,表示“听,声”audience,

2)bio-,表示“生命,生物”biology

3)ge-,表示“地球,大地”geography

4)phon-,表示“声,音调”phonograph

5)tele-,表示“远,离”television,

telephone

五.常见的后缀

1.具有某种职业或动作的人

1)-ee,表示"动作承受者"表示被动的含义

employee,examineeinterviewee

2)-er,表示"从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人"banker,observer,

Londoner,villager

表示“动作的执行者表示主动含义

3)-ese,表示"……国人,…..地方的人”Japanese,Cantonese

4)-ess,表示"阴性人称名词,actress,

hostess,manageress

tigeress

5)-eur,表示"……家”,littérateur

6)-ian,表示"……地方人,信仰…….教的人,从事……职业的人”Christian,

physician,musician

7)-ician,表示"精通者,……家,”

electrician,magician,

technician

8)-icist,-ist表示"……家,…….者,…….能手”physicist,

2.带有学术,科技含义

1)-grapy,表示"……学,geography

2)-ology,表示"……学……论”biology,zoology,

3)-nomy,表示"……学……术"astronomy,economy,

3.动词后缀

1)-ize,ise,表示"做成,变成,……化“modernize,mechanize,democratize,centralize

2)-en,表示"使成为,引起,使有”quicken,weaken,soften,harden

3)-fy,表示"使……化,使成”beautify,purify,intensify,

signify,simplify

六.转化法

英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。

1.动词转化为名词

①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:

Let'sgooutforawalk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

②有时意思有一定变化,如:

Heisamanofstrongbuild.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

2)名词转化为动词

①Didyoubookaseatontheplane?

你订好飞机座位了吗?

②身体部位,如:

Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我。

Hisnameheadedthelist

Manyofhisfriendsbackedhisplan

Theboyshoulderedthebaskedoffruits.

Heaskedusnottofingerit.

Apolicemaneyedhimsuspiciously.

③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:

Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。

Sheispaidtospythisperson.

3)形容词转化为动词

有少数形容词可以转化为动词。

如:

Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

Hesloweddownatthecrossroads.

Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat.

4)副词转化为动词

有少数副词可以转化为动词。

例如:

Truthwillout.真相总有大白之日。

5)形容词转化为名词

①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:

Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服

②某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:

Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

七.合成法:

将两个词放到一起,组成新词。

1.合成名词:

alarmclockbankaccountcreditcardairraid

2.合成形容词:

absent-mindedhome-madegood-temperedmass-producted

3.合成动词:

sleep-walkback-list

八.截短法:

(缩略法),即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。

1)截头

telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane

omnibus→bus

2)去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo

laboratory→lab

taxicab→taxi

3)截头去尾

influenza→flu

refrigerator→fridge

prescription→script原稿,处方

九.混合法(混成法)

混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。

后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。

newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播

televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送

smokeandfog→smog烟雾

helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场

十..缩略法

veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物

television→TV(读字母音)电视

TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福

巩固练习

1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.

A.care  B.careful  C.careless  D.carelessness

2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.

A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death

3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.

A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad

4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.

A.chemistryB.chemical

C.chemistD.physician

5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.

A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged

6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.

A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership

7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.

A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely

8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.

A.satisfiedB.satisfactory

C.satisfyingD.satisfaction

9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?

—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.

—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?

A.600words;a600-words 

B.600-word;a600-words

C.600words;a600-word 

D.600words;a600-words

10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.

A.permitB.permission

C.permittingD.permittence

11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.

A.headquartersB.headline

C.headmasterD.headache

12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident;youdidit________.

A.intendB.intention

C.intentionally D.intentional

13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.

A.practiceB.practise

C.practicalD.practiced

14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.

A.judgerB.judgment

C.judgeD.judgement

15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?

A.latelyB.latest

C.laterD.latter

16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.

A.longerB.length

C.longD.longing

17.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.

A.joyB.joyful

C.joylessD.joyness

18.Canadaismainlyan________country.

A.English-speakingB.speak-English

C.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken

19.How________heis!

Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.

A.foolish;foolishly;fool

B.fool;foolish;fool

C.foolish;fool;fool

D.foolishly;foolish;fool

20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.

A.valuableB.value

C.valuelessD.unvaluable

21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.

A.indangerB.danger

C.dangerousD.dangerless

22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.

A.soundB.silent

C.silenceD.sounded

23.Thechildlookedatme________.

A.strangerB.strangely

C.

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