雅思词汇第一讲.docx
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雅思词汇第一讲
第一讲.单词构词法
一.掌握构词法的重要性:
掌握英语构词法,对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助,主要好处。
Charge…with
Accusesbofsth
Arrestsbforsth
discharge
1.考试中,帮助我们辨认词类——通过一些词尾(后缀suffix)或词头(前缀
prefix)判断单词的词类。
1)Carefulhopefulhelpful(形容词后缀)-less表示否定,countless,
stainless,wirelessspotless
2)carelessnesshappinesssadness
3)belittlebefriend
4)enlargeshortenwidenbroaden
enslaveendangerenrichendear
2.在考试中,帮助我们了解单词词义,不少词缀有特殊含义,可以举一反三。
Kilogramkilowattimpossibleimpolite
3帮助扩大词汇,掌握几千基础词后,通过构词法,可以比较容易地把词汇量扩大到一万以上。
Couragecourageouscourageouslyencourage
encouragementdiscouragediscouragement
二.常见的前缀
1.表示否定意义的前缀
1)纯否定前缀
1.deemphasizedecentralize
modernizeindustrialize
decolonize
2.dis-dishonest,dislikedisorder
outoforder
inorder
infashion
outoffashion
inseason
outofseason
inplace合适的,恰当的,在原来的位置
outofplace
inpower
outofpower
indebt
outofdebt
disobeydisapprove
in-,im,il,ir,
incapable,inability,impossible,
immoral,impolite
immatureimbalance
illegal,illogicalilliterate
irregularirresponsible
non-non-smokernon-violent
non-specialistnon-profit
un-unable,unemployment
employee
employer
takeon
fire
sack
unconsicousuncertainty
2)表示错误的,不好的,假的意义
mal-,malnutrition,
maladjustment(失调)
maltreatment
malformed畸形
mis-,mistake,misleadmisuse,
misunderstandmisjudge,
misprintmisinformation
pseudo-,pseudonym(假名),
pseudoscience
3)表示反动作的意思
dis-,disarm,disconnect
un-,unload,卸载uncoveruntie
unfoldunlockundress
download
upload
4)表示相反,相互对立意思
anti-,antiknockanti-quakeanti-shake(防震),antiforeign,(排外的)
antiwar
Anti-pollution(防污染)
counter-,counter-reaction,
Counter-revolution
counterclockwise
2.其他有用的前缀
1.all-纯,全是all-wool,all-new
all-season
3.arch-大的,主要的
arch-enemyarch-rival
4.auto-自动的auto-timer
自己的autobiography
5.bi-bifocalbilingual
Bicycle
bio-biochemicalbiotechnology
ology
monologue
dialogue
tri
centi-百分之一的centimeter
co-共同的,共同co-authorco-exist
double-假的,空的double-talk
intheair
ever-一直的,不断地ever-present经常存在的evergreen
absent-minded
everlasting
extra-,表示“额外”特别的
extra-strong,extra-large
ex-ex-president,ex-loverex-husband
fore-前面的,前部的,
forehead,forelegforetellforesee
free-carefree,taxfreeworry-free
inter-,在……间,相互international,
interaction,internet
medi-,med-,mid-,中,中间,middaymid-summer仲夏midlife
milli-千分之一millimeter
mini-minibus
miniskirtminicomputer
laptop
new-新近newbornnewfoundnew-weddednew-baked
over-morethat
overeatoverdoover-estimate
underestimate
over-anxious
over-cautiousover-confident
overdoseoverchargeoverweight
overwork
post-,向后,…之后,postwar,
post-electionpost-liberation
postgraduate
undergraduate
graduate
pre-
邮政postmark邮戳postcardpostbox
PostcodePINpersonalidentification
pre-在前,…之前prewarpre-birthpre-maritalpreview
pre-revolutionpreview
prefix,preface,preposition
pro-亲…支持….Pro-governmentpro-communist
re-re-openrewriteremarry
rebuild
reappearreconsiderreview
self-self-educatedself-employed
self-defense
self-criticismself-controlself-analysis
semi-semi-automaticsemi-circle
semi-annual
sub-subway,submarine,subnormal
substandard
super-超级的super-clever
super-cheapsuperpower
supernormal
trans-穿越,跨越,从…到…
transplanttransatlantic
under-,在…..下面,不足的
under-developedundernourished
under-estimateunderground
undergraduate,underwater,
underline
up-,表示“向上,向上面,在上”
upward,uphold,uphill
vice-
vice-chairmanvice-president
vice-minister
well-well-behavedwell-dressed
well-educated
literate
well-known
well-paid
三.表示数量的前缀
1).单一,一mono-,monotone(单调),
monopoly,垄断monologue
monohorn,monocycle
uni-,unicellular(单细胞)
2)表示“二,两,双”
ambi-,ambiguous,模棱两可amphibian(两栖类)
bi-,bicycle,di-dialogue
3)tri-triangle
4)quadr-quadrangle
5)表示“十”deca,deco-,dec-decade,
AScoreofyearsago,
6)表示"许多,复,多数”
multi-,mult-,multimetre(万用表)
multinational
multipurpose
poly-,polysyllable,
7)表示“半,一半”
hemi-,hemisphere
semi-,semiconductor,semitransparent
pene-,pen-,peninsula
四.表示术语的前缀
1)aud-,表示“听,声”audience,
2)bio-,表示“生命,生物”biology
3)ge-,表示“地球,大地”geography
4)phon-,表示“声,音调”phonograph
5)tele-,表示“远,离”television,
telephone
五.常见的后缀
1.具有某种职业或动作的人
1)-ee,表示"动作承受者"表示被动的含义
employee,examineeinterviewee
2)-er,表示"从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人"banker,observer,
Londoner,villager
表示“动作的执行者表示主动含义
3)-ese,表示"……国人,…..地方的人”Japanese,Cantonese
4)-ess,表示"阴性人称名词,actress,
hostess,manageress
tigeress
5)-eur,表示"……家”,littérateur
6)-ian,表示"……地方人,信仰…….教的人,从事……职业的人”Christian,
physician,musician
7)-ician,表示"精通者,……家,”
electrician,magician,
technician
8)-icist,-ist表示"……家,…….者,…….能手”physicist,
2.带有学术,科技含义
1)-grapy,表示"……学,geography
2)-ology,表示"……学……论”biology,zoology,
3)-nomy,表示"……学……术"astronomy,economy,
3.动词后缀
1)-ize,ise,表示"做成,变成,……化“modernize,mechanize,democratize,centralize
2)-en,表示"使成为,引起,使有”quicken,weaken,soften,harden
3)-fy,表示"使……化,使成”beautify,purify,intensify,
signify,simplify
六.转化法
英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1.动词转化为名词
①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:
Let'sgooutforawalk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②有时意思有一定变化,如:
Heisamanofstrongbuild.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
2)名词转化为动词
①Didyoubookaseatontheplane?
你订好飞机座位了吗?
②身体部位,如:
Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我。
Hisnameheadedthelist
Manyofhisfriendsbackedhisplan
Theboyshoulderedthebaskedoffruits.
Heaskedusnottofingerit.
Apolicemaneyedhimsuspiciously.
③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:
Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
Sheispaidtospythisperson.
3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
如:
Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
Hesloweddownatthecrossroads.
Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat.
4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如:
Truthwillout.真相总有大白之日。
5)形容词转化为名词
①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:
Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服
②某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:
Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
七.合成法:
将两个词放到一起,组成新词。
1.合成名词:
alarmclockbankaccountcreditcardairraid
2.合成形容词:
absent-mindedhome-madegood-temperedmass-producted
3.合成动词:
sleep-walkback-list
八.截短法:
(缩略法),即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script原稿,处方
九.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播
televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送
smokeandfog→smog烟雾
helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场
十..缩略法
veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV(读字母音)电视
TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福
巩固练习
1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.
A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death
3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.
A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad
4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.
A.chemistryB.chemical
C.chemistD.physician
5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.
A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged
6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.
A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership
7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.
A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely
8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.
A.satisfiedB.satisfactory
C.satisfyingD.satisfaction
9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?
—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.
—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?
A.600words;a600-words
B.600-word;a600-words
C.600words;a600-word
D.600words;a600-words
10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.
A.permitB.permission
C.permittingD.permittence
11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.
A.headquartersB.headline
C.headmasterD.headache
12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident;youdidit________.
A.intendB.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.
A.practiceB.practise
C.practicalD.practiced
14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.
A.judgerB.judgment
C.judgeD.judgement
15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?
A.latelyB.latest
C.laterD.latter
16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.
A.longerB.length
C.longD.longing
17.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.
A.joyB.joyful
C.joylessD.joyness
18.Canadaismainlyan________country.
A.English-speakingB.speak-English
C.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken
19.How________heis!
Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.
A.foolish;foolishly;fool
B.fool;foolish;fool
C.foolish;fool;fool
D.foolishly;foolish;fool
20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.
A.valuableB.value
C.valuelessD.unvaluable
21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.
A.indangerB.danger
C.dangerousD.dangerless
22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.
A.soundB.silent
C.silenceD.sounded
23.Thechildlookedatme________.
A.strangerB.strangely
C.