外报外刊阅读基本知识.docx

外报外刊阅读基本知识.docx

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外报外刊阅读基本知识

Newspaper–Reading1

TextOne

Whatdowelearnfromthefrontpage?

Thefirstpageofanynewspaper,calledthefrontpage,istheonereadersareguaranteedtosee.Itisonlylogicalthenfornewspaperstousethispagetopresentthemostimportantnewsoftheday.Evenmorelogicalistousethisspacetochronicleotherinformationcontainedinthepaperandaboutthepaperitself.

1.Thepaper’sbanner,orflag.Thisisthenameofthenewspaper,usuallywritteninlarge,ornate,ordistinctivelettering.Thebannermayalsocontainatrademarkpictureorsymbol.Somepapersalsoprinttheweatherforecastforthedaytoonesideofthebanner.Theothersidemaylistabriefindextowhatcanbefoundontheinsidepages.Whenitemssuchastheweatherandindexareplacedateithersideofthebanner—theheadofthenewspaper—theyarecommonlyreferredtoas“ears.”

2.Dateofpublicationtellsyouthedayoftheweek,themonth,andtheyearthatthenewspaperwasprinted.

3.Newsstandprice.Thisistheamountyouwillpayforthenewspaperifyouarebuyingitfromamachineoratthestorecounter.

4.Thisisthebannerheadline,oftenjustcalledabanner.Thisshouldnotbeconfusedwiththebannerthatisthenameofthenewspaper.Thebannerheadlineisthetopheadline,frequentlyrunningacrossthewholepage.Itslargetypesizedominatesthepage.

5.Aheadlineforanewsstory.Bychoosingthecorrecttypesizeandstyle,theeditortriestofocusyourattentiononthestoryundertheheadline.Mostheadlines（usuallycalledheads,forshort,innewsrooms）trytogiveyouanideaofwhatthestoriesareabout.Headlinesarenearlyalwayswrittenwiththeverbinthepresenttense.Thestory,ontheotherhand,iswritteninthepasttense.Itsoundsasthoughthetwowouldn’tmix,buttheydo—andthereasonforthedifferenceislogical.Newspaperstrytobeasup-to-date2aspossible.Withtheheadlineinthepresenttense,thereaderisgiventhesensethattheeventsarehappeningrightnow.Forthestory,however,thepasttenseisusedtomaketheaccountmoreaccurateandreadable.Forexample,theheadlinemightread:

______________________________________________________________

PRESENDENTMEETSWITHNEW

ARABCHIEF

______________________________________________________________

Andsincethenewspaperisdescribingameetingthathasalreadytakenplace,thestorywouldbewritteninthepasttense.

6.Abylinetellswhowrotethestory.Thewriterofastory,however,doesnotalwaysreceiveabyline,andoftenastorywillappearwithnobyline.Often,creditwillbegiventoreportsfromthewireservice,suchastheAssociatedPress（AP）andUnitedPressInternational（UPI）.Reportsprefer,ofcourse,tohavebylinesappearontheirstoriesbecausebylinesgivethemindividualcreditforaparticularpiece.

7.Theindextellswhichsectionsofthepapercontaincertaintypesofnews.Onetypeofindexsimplyliststhesectionsinalphabeticalorder.Othersaremorecomplete,inthattheyalsoprovideasummaryofthenewsandfeaturearticlesforthisparticularday.Unlikeabook,whichhastheindexattheback,anewspaperoftenprintstheindexonthefrontpage.Theexactlocationandsizevarywitheverynewspaper.

TextTwoHeadlines

HowaHeadlineIsFormedinEnglishNewspapers

InreadingEnglishnewspapers,oneofthedifficultiesthestudentwillfaceistheheadlines.Aheadlineisfullofspecialgrammaticalstructures,technicalexpressionsandabbreviations.Thestudentmustkeepitinmindthatthepurposeofandfunctionoftheheadlineistocatchthereader’sattentionataglanceontheonehandandsumup1thewholenewsstoryontheother.

Forthisreason,thestructureofEnglishinaheadlineissomewhatdifferentfromthatofproseorotherwritings,atleast,fromthegrammaticalpointofview.

Ifheknowswhat’swhataboutthestructureofaheadline,thestudentwillbeintherightdirectiontowardreadinganyEnglishnewspaperathisdisposal.

Thefollowingpointsaresomeofthemostessentialcharacteristics（structures）ofaheadline:

1.Usesimplepresenttensetoindicatetheactionoreventwhichhappenedinthepast,asin:

200G.I.’sClashWith50Koreans（=200GovernmentIssues,i.e.Americansoldiersclashedwith50Koreans）

Mr.LuWinsJapanGolfPrizeinPlay-off

CabbieMurdererGetsDeath

USOKsLebanonOfferonPOWs

2.Usepresentprogressivetoindicatetheactionoreventwhichisgoingonatthepresentmomentorinthenearfuture,forinstance:

WaterSupplyRunningLowinTaipeiArea（=WatersupplyisrunninglowinTaipeiarea）

Moreexamples:

ColumbiaVIPsVisitingHere

AminMissingafterAssassinationAttempt

AndyYoungWatchingHisTongue

ProtectionismPosingThreattoWorldTrade

3.Usetheinfinitivetoindicatethefutureeventoraction,forexample:

CubatoSwapCaptiveswithUS（=CubaistoswapcaptiveswithUS）

HKStudentstoContinueDemonstrations

PantherLeadertoReturntoUS

GaysRallyWorldwidetoFightforRights

IndiatoElectNewPrexyonAug.8

4.Usethepastparticipletensetoindicatetheactionoreventinthepassivetense,asin:

TaiwanDrugTraffickerSentencedtoDeath（=Taiwandrugtraffickerwassentencedtodeath）

TwoJail-breakersChargedin36TaipeiBurglaries

PeipingFoundFishinginTroubledMEWaterswithEquipmentasBait

RussiansSaidSpyinginCanadianWaters

5.Verb-to-beisoftenomitted,unlesstoavoidambiguity2,forexample:

S.AfricaOptimisticaboutFutureofGold（=SouthAfricaisoptimisticaboutthefutureofgold）

Later-HourAccordtoAcceptWorldCourt’sJurisdictionConcordeValuableforAtmosphereStudy

SecuritySituationinSEAsiaStillCrucial,Sensitive

6.Useshortphraseforeffectivepurpose,forexample:

SanatoriumforNeedy

ButterflyParkinSouth

LocalNewsinBrief

TaiwanRiceforManlia

7.Thearticles（a,anandthe）areusuallyomittedinaheadline,forexample:

CarRamsintoClinic（=Acarrammedintoaclinic）

NewCrackdownonAutoPollution

SanatoriumforNeedy（=Asanatoriumisfortheneedy）

8.Usecomma（,）fortheomission3ofand,asinthefollowing:

SevereQuakeHitsChile,Argentina（=SeverequakehitsChileandArgentina）

BusCollisionKillsTwo,Injuries40

U.S.,USSRtoEnlargeN-TestBanTalk

ChrisEvert,RussGalEnterWimbyFinals

9.Usesemi-colon（;）toseparatetwoindependentclauseswithtwodifferentevents,asin:

IndiaGoesNuclear;U.S.Concerned

HuaFiresDissidents;Teng’sReturnLikely

AmintoSeverTieswithU.K.,SwitchEmbraceFrance;ConfirmsPilot

10.Usecolon（:

）toindicatethesourcesofthenews,asin:

Shen:

ROCtoOvercomeAnyDifficulty

Carter:

SALTTalkNottoLinkWithHumanRightsConcept

ManyScholarstoReturnfromU.S.:

Dr.Chien

SecretDiplomacyUnavoidable:

Dr.K

OPECAgreestoFreezeOilPrice:

Yamani

11.Usequestionmark（?

）toindicatetheeventorthenewswhichishighlydoubtful,forexample:

MaoInCriticalCondition?

UThantOpentodraft?

NATOforFarEast?

Manydifferentstylesorpatternsofheadlinesarewidelyusedonthepagesofschoolanddailynewspapers.

1）FlushLeftHeadlines

Thesearebasicheadlinesforstreamlinednewspapers.Caps5andlowercaseareusedtomakethemeasytoread.Forgoodappearance,eachlineshouldfillatleastthree-quartersofitscolumn;Itmayextendallthewayacrossthecolumnifdescribed.

Flushleftheadlinesmaybewritteninvarioussizestosuiteachstory’simportance.

Reshuffle

Reduces

France’s

Cabinet

2）StreamerorBannerHeadlines

Animportantstorymayrateastreamerheadlineacrossthetopofthefrontpageorthesportspage.Thisheadline,inlargetype,extendscompletelyacrossallcolumns.Itmustthereforebewrittentoanexactunitcount.Forexample:

12thPartyCongressOpens

3）OtherStylesorPatternsofHeadlines

a.DropForm（阶梯下坠形）

ManyNewYorkClubs

AndOfficeBuildings

ViolatetheFireLaw

b.InvertedPyramidForm（倒金字塔形）

HeavyLossesAreReportedin

FightinginSouthLebanon

andalongtheCoast

c.JumpHead（转页标题）

PentagonPlansU.S.PlansWeapon

SystemtoFightAgainstSatellites

SovietSatellites

（原标题）（转页标题）

ManyNewYorkClubsPowerbills

AndOfficeBuildingsspark

TextTree

TheCompositionsofaNewspaperStory

Eachnewsstorymustanswerthequestionswhicharecalledareporter’s“five（reallysix）faithfulservants”—who?

What?

When?

Where?

HoworWhy?

Inwritinganewsstory,areporterwilltrytoanswereachofthesequestionsinthefirsttwoparagraphs.Theseparagraphsarecalledthelead（pronouncedleed）.Theleadisthemostimportantfacts.Inthebodyofthestory,thereportermustdocumentorsupportthesefacts.Asaresult,thestructureofanewsstoryresemblesanupside-downtriangle,andstorieswritteninthismanneraresaidtofollowthe“invertedpyramid”style3.Theleadsummarizethemainfacts,andeachsucceedingparagraphfleshesoutthestorybyaddingotherfactsindescendingorderofimportance4.Thediagrambelowillustratesatypicalstorystructure.

WHO,WHAT,WHEN,WHERE

—LEADPARAGRAPHS

HOWORWHY

———NEXTMOSTIMPORTANT

————SUPPORTINGFACTS

——————LESSIMPORTANT

SUPPORTINGFACTS

——————————LEASTIMPORTANTFACTS

CanyoufindthefiveW’sintheleadinthefollowingnewsstory?

Usethesequestionstohelpyou:

Whathappened?

Whendidithappen?

Howdidithappen?

Whowasinvolved?

Wheredidithappen?

Threeconvictsfromthecityjailwhoescapedyesterdaybyhidinginalaundrytruckmaystillbeinthearea,thesheriff’sOfficeannouncedtoday.

Youdonothavetoreadfurtherinthisstoryunlessyouwanttoknowmoredetails.Theleadsatisfiedallthequestionsyouwouldgenerallywantto