课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点1阅读理解.docx

课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点1阅读理解.docx

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课时讲练通高中英语高考分类题库考点1阅读理解

考点1阅读理解

一、科普知识类

（2016·江苏卷·B）

话题:

黑猩猩与人类　　词数:

387　　难度:

★★★

　　Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.

Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,hewillpullatrandom—hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.

Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.

Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.

Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.

【文章大意】通过实验,对比黑猩猩与人类的主观能动性。

58.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?

A.Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.

B.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.

C.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.

D.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.

【解析】选A。

推理判断题。

由第二段...hejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.可知黑猩猩很少去关心其他猩猩的利益。

59.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey　　　.

A.havetheinstincttohelpothers

B.knowhowtoofferhelptoadults

C.knowtheworldbetterthanchimps

D.trustadultswiththeirhandsfull

【解析】选A。

细节理解题。

由第三段最后一句Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.可知小孩有帮助别人的本能。

60.Thepassageismainlyabout　　　.

A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildren

B.waystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionality

C.cooperationasadistinctivehumannature

D.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren

【解析】选C。

主旨大意题。

文章通过人类与猩猩的比较得知,合作、相互帮助是人类的本性。

（2016·浙江卷·C）

话题:

儿童玩耍与科学家的研究　　词数:

444　　难度:

★★★

Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-month-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterall,thescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying...right?

Perhaps,butsomedevelopmentalpsychologists（心理学家）havearguedthatthis“play”ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink.

Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,itfallstotheground—and,intheprocess,itbringsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract（相互作用）:

bowlsofricedonotfloatinmid-air,butrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthisbasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdiffer,thebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim（tolearnaboutthenaturalworld）,overallapproach（gatheringdirectevidencefromtheworld）,andlogic（aremyobservationswhatIexpected?

）.

Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway—thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.Forexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas,forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactuallydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate.

Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?

Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution（进化）providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive（认知的）systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究的共同之处。

50.Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists,　　　.

A.ababy’splayisnothingmorethanagame

B.scientificresearchintobabies’gamesispossible

C.thenatureofbabies’playhasbeenthoroughlyinvestigated

D.ababy’splayissomehowsimilartoascientist’sexperiment

【解析】选D。

细节理解题。

根据第一段第三句,有些发展心理学家认为,玩耍比我们想象的更像是一次科学实验。

51.WelearnfromParagraph2that　　　.

A.scientistsandbabiesseemtoobservetheworlddifferently

B.scientistsandbabiesofteninteractwitheachother

C.babiesarebornwiththeknowledgeofobjectsupport

D.babiesseemtocollectevidencejustasscientistsdo

【解析】选D。

推理判断题。

根据第二段最后一句,尽管范围和工具不尽相同,婴儿的调查和科学家的实验看起来有同样的目标、总体方法以及逻辑,可知婴儿和科学家一样,都是在收集证据。

52.Childrenmaylearntherulesoflanguageby　　　.

A.exploringthephysicalworld

B.investigatinghumanpsychology

C.repeatingtheirownexperiments

D.observingtheirparents’behaviors

【解析】选C。

细节理解题。

根据第三段第一句儿童通过这种方式（调查实验的方式）不仅了解了客观世界,同时也了解人类的心理和语言的规则。

thisway和similarmeans都指上文的实验调查的方法。

53.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.

B.Studyingbabies’playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.

C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.

D.One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.

【解析】选B。

主旨大意题。

根据第四段,把童年的发展看成科学的研究阐明了儿童是如何学习的,但同时它也提供了一个新的角度去看待科学与科学家。

科学家和婴儿都利用好奇心和天性去探究世界。

由此可知,研究婴儿玩耍可能会对科学有更好的理解。

54.Whatistheauthor’stonewhenhediscussestheconnectionbetweenscientists’researchandbabies’play?

A.Convincing.B.Confused.

C.Confident.D.Cautious.

【解析】选D。

观点态度题。

纵观全文,尤其第一段最后一句,玩耍比我们想象的更像科学研究,第四段的havesuggested,perhaps,mayhavebeenadopted可知,作者步步为营,小心求证儿童的玩耍和科学家实验的相似之处,论述的语气比较谨慎。

（2016·四川卷·阅读理解D）

话题:

研究成果　　词数:

248W　　难度:

★★★

　　Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight’ssleep.Butnowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.

　　Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin（褪黑激素）,whichhasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.

　　Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermadefromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.

　　Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedinTheJournalofMedicinalFood.

　　Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.

　　Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.

　　Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentforhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,whichhelpspeopletorelax.

　　Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoicebeforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight.

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文,文章通过一项研究成果向读者证明夜晚挤的牛奶因其含有更多的褪黑激素,更有助于人们的睡眠。

32.Accordingtothetext,themicefedwithdaytimemilk　　　.

A.startedsleepmoreeasilyB.weremoreanxious

C.werelessactiveD.wokeuplater

【解析】选B。

细节理解题。

根据第四段Thosegivennightmilk...werelessactiveandlessanxiousthanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime可知,themicefedwithdaytimemilk会比themicegivennightmilk更加anxious。

33.Whichofthefollowingistrueofmelatoninaccordingtothetext?

A.It’sbeentestedonmicefortentimes.

B.Itcanmakepeoplemoreenergetic.

C.Itexistsinmilkingreatamount.

D.It’susedinsleepingdrugs.

【解析】选D。

推理判断题。

根据第六段takingmelatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight可知,褪黑激素类药物对晚上入睡困难的人有帮助,而据此推知,褪黑激素可用来制作安眠药。

34.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.NightMilkandSleep

B.FatSugarandH