经济学名词解释英文.docx
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经济学名词解释英文
Accountingprofit会计利润:
Totalrevenueminustotalexplicitcost
Ability-to-payprinciple能力支付原则:
Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden
Absoluteadvantage绝对优势:
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Adverseselection逆向选择:
Thetendencyforthemixofunobservedattributestobecomeundesirablefromthestandpointofanuninformedparty
Agent代理人:
Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipal
Aggregate-demandcurve:
acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevel
Aggregaterisk:
riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonce
Aggregate-supplycurve:
acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevel
Appreciation:
anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy
Arrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理:
Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferences
Averagefixedcost平均固定成本:
Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagerevenue平均收益:
Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold
Averagetaxrate平均税率:
Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
Averagetotalcost平均总成本:
Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagevariablecost平均可变成本:
Variablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Automaticstabilizers:
changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction
Balancetrade:
asituationinwhichexportsequalimports
Benefitsprinciple受益原则:
Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices
Bond:
acertificateofindebtedness
Budgetconstraint预算约束:
Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford
Budgetdeficit预算赤字:
Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts
Budgetsurplus预算盈余:
Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspending
Businesscycle经济周期:
Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction
Capital资产:
Theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices
Capitalflight:
alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountry
Cartel卡特尔:
Agroupoffirmsactinginunison
Catch-upeffect:
thepropertywherebycountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythatcountriesthatstartoffrich
Centralbank:
aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomy
Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图:
Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Closedeconomy:
aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld
Collectivebargaining:
theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment
Commoditymoney:
moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue
Coasetheorem科斯定理:
Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown
Collusion共谋:
Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge
Commonresources共同资源:
Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable
Comparativeadvantage比较优势:
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Compensatingdifferential补偿性工资差别:
Adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs
Competitivemarket竞争性市场:
Amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补性商品:
Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
Condorcetparadox:
thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsociety
Compounding:
theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefuture
Constantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变:
Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutput
Consumerpriceindex(CPI):
ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer
Consumersurplus消费者剩余:
Abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays
Consumption:
spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing
Cost成本:
Thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveupproducingagood
Cost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析:
Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
Crowdingout:
adecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowing
Crowding-outeffect:
theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyraisetheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspending
Cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求的交叉价格弹性:
Ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood
Currency:
thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic
Cyclicalunemployment:
thedeviationofunemploymentfromamarketdistortion,suchasatax
Deadweightloss无谓损失:
Thefallintotalsurplusthatresultsfromamarketdistortion,suchasatax
Demandcurve需求曲线:
Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Demanddeposits:
balancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheck
Demandschedule需求表:
Atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Depreciation:
adecreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeighcurrencyitcanbuy
Depression:
asevererecession
Diminishingmarginalproduct边际产品递减:
Thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
Discrimination歧视:
Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalcharacteristics
Diseconomiesofscale规模不经济:
Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases
Discountrate:
theinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanks
Discouragedworkers:
individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforjob
Diversification:
thereductionofriskachievedbyreplacingasingleriskwithalargenumberofsmallerunrelatedrisks
Dominantstrategy占优策略:
Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayers
Economicprofit经济利润:
Totalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts
Economics经济学:
Thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources
Economiesofscale规模经济:
Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases
Efficiency效率:
Thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
Efficiencywages效率工资:
Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivity
Efficientscale:
thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost
Elasticity:
ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
Equilibrium:
asituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded
Equilibriumprice:
thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded
Equilibriumquantity:
thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice
Equity:
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety
Excludability:
thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit
Explicitcosts:
inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm
Export:
goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad
Externality:
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewellbeingofabystander
Factorsofproduction:
theinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices
Federalreserve(Fed):
thecentralbankoftheunitedstates
Fiatmoney:
moneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecree
Finance:
thefieldthatstudieshowpeoplemakedecisionsregardingtheallocationofresourcesovertimeandthehandlingofrisk
Financialintermediaries:
financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers
Financialmarkets:
financialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers
Financialsystem:
thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson’ssavingwithanotherperson’sinvestment
Fishereffect:
theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrate
Fractional-reservebanking:
abankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasreserves
Frictionalunemployment:
unemploymentthatresultsbecauseittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills
Fundamentalanalysis:
thestudyofacompany’saccountingstatementsandfutureprospectstodetermineitsvalue
Futurevalue:
theamountofmoneyinthefuturethatanamountofmoneytodaywillyield,givenprevailinginterestrates
Fixedcosts:
coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced
Freerider:
apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit
Gametheory:
thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations
GDPdeflator:
ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100
Governmentpurchases:
spendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,a