关于轮式装载机的典型的外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

关于轮式装载机的典型的外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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关于轮式装载机的典型的外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

附录一外文资料原文

WheelLoaderPrototypes

Inthe1920s,smallagriculturaltractorswereoutfittedwithaloaderbucketforre-handlingoflightmaterials.Thiscontraptionservedastheearliestprototypeforthemodernwheelloader.Theearliestversionsofthewheelloaderwerenothingmorethanapivotingbucketandliftarmsmountedonafarm-typetractor.Abucketwasmountedonatractorusingwireropesthroughaclutch-operatedwinch,andthendumpedbygravitythroughatripreleasemechanism.Bythe1930s,anumberofmanufacturersweredevelopingsmallwheelloadersbyfasteningbucketsontotractors.E.Boydell&Co.,inManchesterEngland,wasoneofthefirstrecordedmakersofabucket-mountedtractorwiththeirMuir-Hillloader,a0.5-cubicyard（0.4m3）cable-controlledbucketmountedona28horsepowerFordsonTractor.

RigidFrameWheelLoaders

In1939,anengineerfromChicagobythenameofFrankG.Houghdevelopedthefirstselfcontained,two-wheeldrive,rubbertired,loadercalledtheHoughModelHS.Themachinehadabucketcapacityof1/3cubicyard（0.25m3）.Thebucketwasdumpedbygravitythroughalatchmechanism.

Othermanufacturersbegantoproduceintegratedfour-wheeldrivewheelloaders.Manyofthefirstwheelloadershadrigidframes.Thoughthesemachineswereintegrated,theirrigidframeslimitedmaneuverabilityresultinginthemachinestoturninlargecirclesrenderingthemuselesstooperateintightplaces.ThefirstthreewheelloadersdevelopedbyCaterpillar,forexample,hadrigidframes.OthermanufacturerslikeEuclid/Terexenteredthewheelloadermarketin1957,ratherlate,withasmallrigidframewheelloaderunitknownastheL-7.

FurukawaFL35I4x4ArticulatedWheelLoader

Perhapsoneofthemostsignificantmilestonesintheevolutionofthewheelloaderwastheintroductionofthearticulatedframe.MixermobileManufacturersinPortland,Oregonfirstpioneeredthistechnologyin1953withtheScoopmobileModelLD-5,In1944,Houghwentontomanufacturealoaderwiththefirsthydraulicallyactuatedbuckettilt.Thisgavethemachinetheabilitytocontroldumpingandtheoperatorcouldapproachabankinlowgearandscoopafullbucketbytiltingthebucketbackduringloading.In1947,Houghwouldadvancewheelloaderdevelopmentonceagainwhenthecompanydevelopedtheworld'sfirstfour-wheeldrivehydraulicwheelloadertheHMModel.Themodelisstillconsideredtheforerunnerforthemodernwheelloader.

MixermobileManufacturingcanbecreditedwithintroducingthefirstwheelloaderswithhydraulicmotorswhenitdevelopedtheModelHwheelloaderin1952andtheModelHPwheelloaderin1957.Theseloadershadasinglecentrallymountedbucketarm.

TheTractomotiveCorp.,foundedbyVanDobeus,wasanothercompanytointroducethehydraulicwheelloadertotheU.S.market.Thisinvolvedfasteningahydraulicwheelmechanismwithhydraulicpowertothebucketcrowd.Thisdevelopmenttransformedthewheelloadervirtuallyfromare-handlingmachinetoadiggingmachine.

FrontPivotArm

Aswheelloadersincreasedinsizethroughthe1950s,concernforsafetyarose,particularlyinthepositioningoftheloaderarmpivot.Positionedbehindtheoperator,theloaderarms,astheymovedupanddown,wereincloseproximitytotheoperator.Thisposedproblems.First,themovingarmspresentedanaccidentjustwaitingtohappen.Second,themovingpartslimitedtheoperators'sidevisibility,particularlywheninaraisedposition.Inthelate1950s,anumberofAmericanwheelloadermanufacturerswereworkingincollaborationwiththeNationalSafetyCounciltorepositionthearmpivottobeinfrontoftheoperatorratherthanbehind.Houghwasoneofthefirstmanufacturerstocomeupwithanew,saferdesignwiththeproductionoftheirModelHOwheelloader.OthermanufacturersquicklyfollowedsuitinadoptingthefrontmountedpivotincludingCaterpillarin1958,Casein1959,Allis-Chalmersin1961andMichiganin1962.

Large-sizedWheelLoaders

Asthe1960sarrived,thetrendinwheelloaderproductionfocusedonlargermachineswithgreaterpayloadcapacity.AfterCaterpillarlaunchedtheirsix-cubicyard（4.6-m3）Model998in1963,anumberofindustrysurveysrevealedaneedforloaderstobemuchlargerthanthestandardsizeoffivetosixcubicyards（3.8to4.6m3）.Themarketwasdemandingmoreruggedmobilityfromloadingtoolsandlargerwheelloadersweredeemedthesolution.Manufacturersbegantofloodthemarketwithlargersizedwheelloaders.HoughDivisionofInternationalHarvesterbuilttheH-400,awheelloaderwitha10-cubicyard（7.6-m3）bucket.Othermanufacturersrespondedbyproducingloaderswith10-cubicyard（7.6-m3）bucketsincludingCaterpillar's992,theScoopmobile1200andMichigan's475.

Overtheyears,theindustryhascontinuedtopushtheboundariesintermsofpayloadcapacity.Inthe1970s,anumberofwheelloaderswereshowcasedat1975CONEXPOwithincreasedpayloadcapacitynototherwiseseenbeforeintheindustryincludingHough's21-cubicyard（16-m3）580PayloaderandClark-Michigan'smassive675wheelloaderwitha24-cubicyard（18.3-m3）capacity.[15]

In1986,therecordinpayloadcapacitywasbrokenwhenKawasakiHeavyIndustriesLtd.,developedthelargestwheelloaderwitha25-cubicyard（19-m3）capacityforJapan'sSurfaceMiningEquipmentforCoalTechnologyResearchAssociation.Eventually,othermanufacturersincludingCaterpillar,Komatsu,andLeTourneauwoulddelveintomakingloaderswithcapacitiesof20cubicyards（15.3m3）.

LeTourneau'sLegacy

1988KomatsuWA600-1LWheelLoaderLeTourneauisamanufacturerthathasareputationofbuildingrecord-breakingheavyequipment.Thecompanydevelopedandstillmanufacturersthelargestwheelloaderintheworld,theL-2350.Thisloaderisprimarilyusedinsurfaceminingandboastsa2300horsepowermachineandan80-ton,53-cubicyard（40.5-m3）capacityrockbucketandabreakoutforceof266,000pounds.Theheight,tothetopofthecabandbucketfullyraised,isastaggering43feetandnineinches（13.23m）.Themachinewasdesignedtoload300-to400-tonplusminingtrucksinfourtofivepasses.

LeTourneau'swheelloadersfeaturediesel-electricdrivewithDCelectricmotorsineachwheel,aconceptdevelopedbyLeTourneauhimself.Inthe1960s,thecompanystartedproducingverylargeelectricloaderswithpowertothehoistandbuckettilttransmittedthrougharack-and-piniondrive.Atfirst,thesehugerack-and-pinionmotorswerenotverycommerciallysuccessfulbecausetheadvantageofarticulatedsteeringwasdiminishedduetotheloader'sindustrialstrength.Asaresult,fewwereactuallybuilt.OnesuchmodelwastheSL-40modelnicknamedtheMonsterandmeasuring52feet（16m）long.

ThepresentdaylineofLeTourneauwheelloadersisderivedfromtheL-700serieselectricaldrivemodelfirstproducedin1968.TheL-700wastheforerunnertoaseriesofsuccessfulloadersproducedinlargeamountstothisday.Themachineshavedepartedfromtherack-and-pinionmotorsbutretaintheelectricdrivewheels.Thoughtherack-and-pinionmotorwheelloaderswherenotbigsellers,theydidprovetoworkhardandhadalifecycleofmorethan20years.

NewDevelopments

Today,electricalloadersexistonthemarketandfunctionwithmuchthesamecapacityandversatilityasdieselengineorgasolineenginewheelloaders.Wheelloadersalsocomewitharangeofattachmentssuchasgrapples,forks,andbucketsinvaryingsizesthatexpandtheirtaskingtoincludelightdemolitionandtunneling.[21]Somewheelloaderscomeequippedwithridecontrol,whichallowsforgreateroperatingspeedsonbumpysurfaces.

Newbreakthroughsinadoptinghybridtechnologytoreducefueltransmissionsareunderway.InMarch2008,VolvounveiledatCONEXPO,apre-productionprototypeofitsL220FHybridwheelloader.Theloaderwilloffera10percentreductioninfuelconsumption.ThetechnologyhasbeendevelopedwithintheVolvoGroupandremainsconfidentialandsubjecttopatents.Slatedforproductioninlate2009,theL220Fwillbetheindustry'sfirstcommerciallyavailablehybridwheelloader.

VolvoalsohascomeupwithadesignconceptforawheelloadercalledtheGryphin.Itisthecompany'sfuturisticvisionofwhatawheelloadermaylooklikewellintotheyear2020.TheGryphinhasahybriddieselandelectricpowermotor.Replacingthestandardtransmissions,drivelines,andaxles,theGryphinwillfeatureelectricalmotorsinsideeachwheelwhichwillmakeitrunquieterthancurrentmodels.ThecaboftheGryphinisalsouniqueandentirelycomposedofglassthatwillprovidetheoperatorwithagreaterrangeofvisibilityonallsides.

HowitWorks

Awheelloadertodayiscomprisedofapivotedframe,usuallyarticulated,withtheenginemountedovertherearwheels,andacaborcanopyrestingoverthefrontorrearendframe.Thepivotarrangementofthemachineiskeyingivingthewheelloaderthecapabilitytomaneuverandworkinsmallturningcircles.

1974W14WheelLoaderWheelloadersaresegmentedinthemarketaccordingtotheirhorsepower.Compactwheelloadersareloaderswith80horsepowerorless,andthentheclassificationisbrokendownaccordinglyfrom80to150horsepower,150to200horsepowerand200to250horsepower.

Powerissuppliedfromadieselenginethroughatorqueconverterandpowershiftgearstodrivethewheels.Mostwheelloadersarenowfour-wheeldriverequiringthatallwheelsbeofthesamesizebutthemachinescanbeoperatedintwo-wheeldrivetoo.Rearwheeldriveenhancesthemachine'sdiggingcapabilitywhilefrontwheeldriveenablesbettertractionwhencarryingafullbucket.

Specifications

Intheequ