TPO48 阅读文本答案翻译.docx

TPO48 阅读文本答案翻译.docx

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TPO48阅读文本答案翻译

TPO-48

ChinesePopulationGrowth

Increasesinpopulationhaveusuallybeenaccompanied（indeedfacilitated）byanincreaseintrade.IntheWesternexperience,commerceprovidedtheconditionsthatallowedindustrializationtogetstarted,whichinturnledtogrowthinscience,technology,industry,transport,communications,socialchange,andthelikethatwegroupunderthebroadtermof“development.”However,themassiveincreaseinpopulationthatinEuropewasatfirstattributedtoindustrializationstartingintheeighteenthcenturyoccurredalsoandatthesameperiodinChina,eventhoughtherewasnocomparableindustrialization.

ItisestimatedthattheChinesepopulationby1600wascloseto150million.ThetransitionbetweentheMingandQingdynasties（theseventeenthcentury）mayhaveseenadecline,butfrom1741to1851theannualfiguresrosesteadilyandspectacularly,perhapsbeginningwith143millionandendingwith432million.Ifweacceptthesetotals,weareconfrontedwithasituationinwhichtheChinesepopulationdoubledinthe50yearsfrom1790to1840.If,withgreatercaution,weassumelowertotalsintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandonly400millionin1850,westillfaceastartlingfact:

somethinglikeadoublingofthevastChinesepopulationinthecenturybeforeWesterncontact,foreigntrade,andindustrializationcouldhavehadmucheffect.

ToexplainthissuddenincreasewecannotpointtofactorsconstantinChinesesocietybutmustfindconditionsoracombinationoffactorsthatwerenewlyeffectiveinthisperiod.AmongtheseisthealmostcompleteinternalpeacemaintainedunderManchuruleduringtheeighteenthcentury.TherewasalsoanincreaseinforeigntradethroughGuangzhou（southernChina）andsomeimprovementoftransportationwithintheempire.Controlofdisease,likethecheckingofsmallpoxbyvariolationmayhavebeenimportant.Butofmostcriticalimportancewasthefoodsupply.

Confrontedwithamultitudeofunreliablefigures,economistshavecomparedthepopulationrecordswiththeaggregatedataforcultivatedlandareaandgrainproductioninthesixcenturiessince1368.AssumingthatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million,theeconomistDwightPerkinsconcludesthatitsgrowthto700millionormoreinthe1960swasmadepossiblebyasteadyincreaseinthegrainsupply,whichevidentlygrewfiveorsixtimesbetween1400and1800androseanother50percentbetween1800and1965.Thisincreaseoffoodsupplywasdueperhapshalftotheincreaseofcultivatedarea,particularlybymigrationandsettlementinthecentralandwesternprovinces,andhalftogreaterproductivity—thefarmers’successinraisingmorecropsperunitofland.

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Thistechnologicaladvancetookmanyforms:

onewasthecontinualintroductionfromthesouthofearlier-ripeningvarietiesofrice,whichmadepossibledouble-cropping（theproductionoftwoharvestsperyearfromonefield）.■Newcropssuchascorn（maize）andsweetpotatoesaswellaspeanutsandtobaccowereintroducedfromtheAmericas.■Corn,forinstance,canbegrownonthedrysoilandmarginalhilllandofNorthChina,whereitisusedforfood,fuel,andfodderandprovidessomethinglikeone-seventhofthefoodenergyavailableinthearea.■Thesweetpotato,growinginsandysoilandprovidingmorefoodenergyperunitoflandthanothercrops,becamethemainfoodofthepoorinmuchoftheSouthChinaricearea.■

Productivityinagriculturewasalsoimprovedbycapitalinvestments,firstofallinirrigation.From1400to1900thetotalofirrigatedlandseemstohaveincreasedalmostthreetimes.Therewasalsoagaininfarmtools,draftanimals,andfertilizer,tosaynothingofthepopulationgrowthitself,whichincreasedhalfagainasfastascultivatedlandareaandsoincreasedtheratioofhumanhandsavailableperunitofland.Thustherisingpopulationwasfedbyamoreintensiveagriculture,applyingmorelaborandfertilizertotheland.

1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Commerce,industrialization,anddevelopmentarecommonfeaturesoftheWesternexperience.

B.Trade,industrialization,anddevelopmentacceleratedsocialchangeinWesternsocieties.

C.TradeandindustrializationbroughtaboutdevelopmentinWesternsocieties.

D.InWesternsocieties,socialchangeprovidedtheconditionsfordevelopmentinanumberofareas.

2.Theword“attributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.accustomed

B.credited

C.exposed

D.transformed

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3.Accordingtoparagraphs1and2,whichofthefollowingistrueofChinesepopulationgrowthbetween1741and1851?

A.ItcoincidedwiththebeginningofindustrializationinChina.

B.ItpromptedspeculationabouttheactualnumberofpeoplelivinginChinainpreviouscenturies.

C.Itcontinuedthesteadygrowthinpopulationofpreviouscenturies.

D.Itoccurredintheabsenceofcertainconditionsgenerallyassociatedwithpopulationgrowth.

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,theestimatedpopulationofChinainthemid1700swas?

A.143million

B.150million

C.400million

D.432million

5.Theword“constant”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.unique

B.dominant

C.altered

D.unchanging

6.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingstatementsabouteighteenth-centuryChinesesocietyEXCEPT:

A.Itwastroubledbyfrequentconflictswithforeignnations.

B.Itimproveditstransportationsystem.

C.Itexperiencedgrowthininternationalcommerce.

D.Itmanagedtopreventthespreadofcertaindiseases.

7.Paragraph4answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965?

A.WhichfiguresrelatingtoChina’spopulationgrowthwereunreliable?

B.WhydidDwightPerkinsassumethatChina’spopulationin1400wasabout80million?

C.WhereinChinadidmostofthepopulationincreasetakeplace?

D.WhatfactorsmadeChina’spopulationgrowthbetween1400and1965possible?

8.Theword“aggregate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.available

B.reliable

C.combined

D.recorded

9.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5abouttheintroductionofcornandsweetpotatoesinChina?

A.Thesecropsrequiredmuchmorecarethanothercrops.

B.Thesecropswereconsumedinlimitedquantities.

C.Thesecropspermittedanexpansionoftheareausedforfarming.

D.ThesecropsbecameavailablealloverChinawithinashortperiodoftime.

10.Theword“ratio”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.proportion

B.availability

C.importance

D.cost

11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraphs5and6asoneofthestrategiestheChineseappliedinagriculture?

A.Thegrowingoftwocropsonthesamefieldduringthesameyear

B.Theimprovementofsystemstosupplycropswithwater

C.Theapplicationofincreasingamountsoffertilizertotheland

D.Thereductionintheamountofhumanlaborperunitofland

12.Whatpurposedoesparagraph5serveinthelargerdiscussionaboutChina’spopulationgrowth?

A.ItprovidesevidenceofChina’semergingforeigntraderelations.

B.ItillustrateshowtheChineseincreasedtheirfoodsupply.

C.Itprovidesevidenceofwhypopulationgrowthwasmostnoticeableinthesouth.

D.ItshowshowforeigncropsgraduallygainedgreateracceptanceinChina.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

OtherdevelopmentsaddressedtheproblemsofdryandsandyareasunsuitableforgrowingChina’snativecrops.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.

14.Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Overthecenturies,Chinahasexperiencedanextraordinaryincreaseinitspopulation.

●

●

●

AnswerChoices

A.UnderstandingtheexceptionalincreaseinpopulationinChinarequiresgivingupcommonlyheldassumptionsrelativetothephenomenonofpopulationgrowth.

B.TheeconomistDwightPerkinsappliedaparticularstatisticalmethodtodeterminetheincreaseinChina’spopulation.

C.ThesuddenpopulationgrowthinChinastartedinitsnorthernandsouthernprovinces,anditspreadrapidlytothecentralandwesternareasofthecountry.

D.ImprovedtransportationmanagementandenhanceddiseasecontrolcontributedtoChina’spopulationexplosion.

E.TheincreaseinChina’sfoodsupply,whichaffectedpopulationgrowth,wastheresultoftechnologicaldevelopmentsinagricultureandcapitalinvestment.

F.Asteadyincreaseinforeigntradesincethe1400sprovidedtheconditionsnecessaryforlarge-scaleagriculturaldevelopment.

参考答案：

1-5.CBDAD6-10.ADCCA11-13.DBA14.ADE

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参考译文：

中国的人口增长

人口增长通常伴随着（事实上促进了）贸易的增加。

按照西方的经验，商业为工业化的开始提供了条件，而工业化反过来又导致了科学、技术、工业、交通运输、通信进步和社会变化等等，我们把这些统称为“发展”。

但是，十八世纪开始的工业化带来了欧洲的人口大幅增长；同时间中国的人口也暴涨，尽管中国没有经历类似的工业化。

据估计，到1600年中国的人口已经接近1亿5000万。

明清之交（十七世纪）人口数量可