英语词汇学资料续.docx
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英语词汇学资料续
4.2Compounding(p.67)
Acombinationoftwoormorewordswhichfunctionsasasinglesemanticunit.
ØClassification(bytheform)
a)solid;b)hyphenated;c)open:
textbook,text-book,textbook
highday,highseas,highschools,highbuildings
•hotdog,smallpox,redink,goalkeeper,departmentstore
•greenhouse,darkroom,greenroom
d)connectedwithavowelorconsonant
•craftsman,sportsman,tradesman,huntsman,kinsman
•gasometer,speedometer,hydrometer,mileometer,thermometer,barometer,chronometer
e)Joinedby‘s
•bull’seye,no-man’sland,lion’sshare,crow’sneck,fool’sparadise,driver’sseat
f)Morethantwoelements
•manofwar,good-for-nothing,grand-in-aid
•pick-me-up,touch-me-not,happy-go-lucky,stay-at-home
g)aclauseorsentence
•Thiseither-they-are-on-our-side-or-against-ussortofideaisadangerousone.
•Thereisasortofoh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-noblerexpressionaboutMontmorency.
h)Reduplicativecompounds
•tick-tick,quack-quack,fifty-fifty,so-so
•dilly-dally,shilly-shally,zigzag,prittle-prattle,flip-flop
•hokey-pokey,hocus-pocus,hurry-scurry,hugger-mugger,hubble-bubble,higgledy-piggledy,hoity-toity,hurly-burly
Classification(bywordclass)
•NounCompounds
•AdjectiveCompounds
•VerbCompounds
•AdverbCompounds
headlong,somehow,somewhere,upsidedown,insideout
•PronounCompounds
eachother,oneanother,nobody,anybody,someone,
•Prepositions
into,within,asfor,exceptfor,becauseof,owingto,thanksto,forthesakeof,inspiteof,bymeansof,insteadof(functionasacoordinator)
♦Thingsarebetterinsteadofworse.
♦Hewalksslowlyinsteadofquickly.
♦Thatincreasedinsteadofdecreasedouranxiety.
♦Helaughedwithinsteadofatus.
Morphologicalcharacteristics
Takenouncompoundsasexamples:
•N+N:
babygirl,databank,fingerprint
•Aj+N:
blueprint,easy-chair,fullstop
•V+N:
makeshift,flashlight,cut-throat
•N+V:
daybreak,snowfall,frostbite
•Participle+N:
swimming-pool,freezing-point
•N+Participle:
air-conditioning,house-keeping
•Prep.(adv.)+N:
bypath,underclothes,overcoat
•V+N:
break-down,get-together,handout
•N+V:
downfall,income,outbreak
•others
Syntacticandsemanticrelationshipsofcompounds
•sunshine,landslide,headache,heartbreak
•bootblack,hairbrush,handshake,birth-control,haircut
•scarecrow,pick-pocket,drinking-water
•hangman,call-boy,managing-director,
•diving-board,walking-stick,grindstone
ØNounasamodifierinanounphrase
aprestigeuniversity,racehatred,rebelsoldiers,affluencesociety;
geographyteacher,accidentvictims,statisticexpert,discussiontopic,Canadawheat,ValenciaUniversity’sPhilosophyFaculty;
surfacevessel----vesselthatmovesonthesurface
•knifeboy----boyholdingaknife
•recoveryhelicopter----helicopterforgettingbackastronautswhohassplasheddown
anAdministrationforeignpolicyanalyst
•asixday,eighthoursadayweek
•hisshoulderseparationfreshmanyear
Italiannewspaperattackearthquakerelieforganization.
•Thefourofthemwereaccusedofgiftconspiracy.
•Hearoseonemorningfilledwithinspirationtomarketanewlineofcelebrityashtrays.
•HesaidtoGreen,“withalittlecurrencypersuasion,thehotelclerkwouldbeabletofindaccommodationforyou.”
ØAcompound,oranounphrasewithamodifier?
•sciencefiction,silkmerchant,firesquad,horrorfilms
•horrorfilms------horriblefilms
•riotpolice------riotouspolice
•miraculouschips------miraclechips
•obesespecialists------obesityspecialists
•efficientworkers------efficiencyexperts
•bankruptlawyers------bankruptcylawyers
4.3Conversion(p.74)
Conversionistheprocesswherebyawordischangedfromonepartofspeechintoanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Sothisprocessisalsocalledzeroderivationorderivationbyzerosuffix.
Conversionmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotheclassofwordstheyform:
1)verb-nounconversion
2)adjective-nounconversion
3)noun-verbconversion
4)adjective-verbconversion
5)noun-adjectiveconversion
ØSVOstructuresofEnglish
•tobookaplace----toplaceabook
•toplanatable-----totableaplan(motion,bill)
ØNoun-verbConversion
•Heelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.
•Thebeamsofthesearchlightsfingeredthesky.
•Hewormedhiswaydifficultlythroughthethickforest.
•ThisproposalwasfatheredbyJohn.
•Shewasnotbornforwifingandmothering.
•…fromthethroatemergedastraightbar,roughwithgolddustandslightlyclubbedattheend.
ØConversioninclosedclassofwords
•Youshouldknowalltheinsandoutsnow.
•Whocanexplainthehowsandwhysoftheincident?
•Everyonehashisupsanddowns.
•Yourargumentseemstohavetoomanyifs.
•ThisdictionaryisamustforEnglishlearners.
•‘Butmenobuts,’hesaidimpatiently.
•IsJohn’sbabyasheorhe?
•Patriotism,nationalism,andanyother-ismsyouwouldliketoname…
•Classificationofnoun-verbconversion
a)‘Toputin/toN’
bottle,corner,cradle,coffin,floor,garage,position
b)‘TogiveN,toprovidewithN’
coat,fuel,grease,mask,wax,label,plaster
c)‘TodepriveofN’
core,gut,peel,skin,husk,bark,dust,scale,bone
d)‘To...withN”
brake,axe,hammer;guitar,harp;cord,hook,button,pencil;machine-gun,dagger
e)‘Tobe/actasN’
father,nurse,referee,pilot,parrot,leech,snail,wolfmonkey,dog,ape
cf.bird,frog,rabbit,shrimp,trout
f)‘Tomake/change...intoN’
cash,cripple,usher,sentry,apprentice,group
g)‘Tosend/gobyN’
mail,telegraph,boat,canoe,motor,ship,van,helicopter,
ØAdjective-nounconversion
☐Substantivizedadjectives
Whollysubstantivized
•relative,criminal,black
Partiallysubstantivized
beautiful,poor,dead,dying,wounded,unexpected
•theleisuredrichandthehungry(aged)poor
•Thewiselooktothewiserforadvice.
•Hewentfromtheextremelysublimetotheextremelyridiculous.
•Theverywisearelikelytoavoidsuchtemptation.
•Wewillnurseyoursick,clotheyournaked,andfeedyourhungry.
•Thesickareherewelllookedafter.
•Thewoundedandthedyingwererushedtohospital.
•Theinnocentareoftendeceivedbytheunscrupulous.
•Theaccusedwasfoundguilty.
•Thedeceasedwasoneofmybestfriend.
•Thebereavedwasfullofgriefforhisdeadwife.
•Thebereavedwerefullofgrieffortheirdeadchild.
•Hehasnoeyesforthebeautiful.
•Heventuredintotheunknown.
•Thetrue,thegood,andthebeautifulcouldnotexistwithoutthefalse,theevil,andtheugly.
•ThelatestisthatheisgoingtorunforCongress.
•Theunexpectedalwayshappens.
•Theverybestisyettocome.
•Thedockisnowatitsbusiest.
•Itshowsthatthewriterisathisbestandliveliest.
inbrief(general,short,particular),atlarge,
ØChangeofsecondaryword-class:
verbs
a)intransitive----transitive
•Thewoundranblood.
•Heisflyingakitewithhischildren.
b)transitive----intransitive
•Thisfooddigestswell.
•Thiskindofmedicinesellsdear.
•Watermelonssellsbestinsummer.
•Theclockwindsupattheback.
•Thedoorwon’tlock.
•Therecordercan’tplay.
•Yourexcusewon’twash.
c)intransitive----intensive
•Thesunwassinkinglow.(currentstate)
•Thewaterboilsdry.(result)
ØApproximateconversion:
voicingandstressshift
abuse,excuse,grief---grieve,belief----believe
absent,perfect,present,frequent
4.4Blending(p.82)
Blendsarealsocalledportmanteauword,atermoriginatedwithLewisCarroll,theauthorofThroughtheLooking-Glass(1871),inwhichhecreatedwordssuchas‘chortle’(chuckle&snort)and‘galumph’(gallop&triumph).Theyarewordsformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
•brunch,motel,smog,autocide,advertitics
•interpol,sitcom,comsat,Amerind,Comintern
•travelogue,videophone,Nixonomics,lunaraut,talkathon
•paradrop,medichair,helipad,sportscast
AlongNixonbacker,heassumesadawkstandontheVietnamproblems.
4.5Clippings
aprocessbywhichawordoftwoormorethantwosyllables(usuallyanoun)isshortenedwithoutachangeinitsfunctiontakingplace
a)Phraseclippings:
o’clock,pub,pop,good-bye
b)Backclippings:
memo,gym,taxi;lab,math,dorm,exam
c)Frontclippings:
bus,phone,plane,cello,chute,copter
d)Frontandbackclippings:
flu,fridge,
•bicycle---bike,cycle;taxicab---taxi,cab
4.6Acronymy
ØInitialisms----wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordswhicharepronouncedassequencesofletters
IQ,UN,CIA,FBI,
ØAcronyms----wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwords,butpronouncedasaword
NATO,UNESCO,TEFL,TESL,TESOL,
laser(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)
radar(radiodetectingandranging)
sonar(soundnavigationranging)
4.7Back-formation
Back-formationisawayofword-buildinginwhichanewwordismadebytheremovalofanAFFIXfromanexistingword.Themajorityofbackformedwordsareverbs.
Forexample:
•television---televiseaviation---aviatelegislation
•laser---lasepeddler---peddlebeggar---beg
burglarsculptorhawkereditortypewriter
•sightseeingglobe-trottingbaby-sittingsleep-walking
•Whoauthedthisbook?
Heisgoingtobachallhislife.
ØWordbuildingbyanalogy
marathon---talkathon,telethon;
FirstLady---FirstMother,FirstFamily;
hamburger---cheeseburger,chickenburger,nutburger,lobsterburger,raisinburger,superburger,farmburger,Californiaburger;