西藏大学英语考试考前冲刺卷7文档格式.docx

西藏大学英语考试考前冲刺卷7文档格式.docx

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一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。

每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）

1.Conventionalwisdomsaysthatifyouwanttobericher,ausefulthingtodoistogetmarried.Lifeischeaperwhenthere’sonlyone（62）topayandsomeoneelsecandocertaintasks--cookingorcarrepair--more（63）thanyou.ResearchbyOhioStateUniversity’sJayZagorskyshowsthatmarriedbabyboomersincreasetheir（64）anaverage16%ayear,（65）thosewhoaresingleincreasetheirnet（66）athalfthatrate.Yettheeconomic（67）ofmarriageisn’twhatitusedtobe.InachapterofabooknewlyoutfromtheRussellSageFoundation,ChangingPoverty,ChangingPolicies,twosocialscientistsshowthatthemarriagepremiumhassubsidedsince1969.They（68）tostudyhowthechangingmakeupofAmericanfamilieshasaffectedthenumberofpeoplebelowthepovertyline.（69）howtherateofmarriagehasfallenandtherateofdivorcehas（70）,theresearchersexpectedthenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinetogrow2.6%.Butwhentheylookedatthedata,povertyhadincreasedbylessthanhalfthat（71）.WhyIna（72）,becausesinglewomen,eventhosewithkids,haveaneasiertimesupportingthemselvesoutsidemarriagethantheyusedto.Morewomenareworking,increasinglyforwagesthatare（73）withthoseofmen.Womenarehavingchildrenlaterinlife,and（74）ofthem.Ontopofthat,agrowingpercentageofwomenwhohavechildrenbutaren’tmarrieddon’tliveontheirown.In1970,62%ofsinglemothersweretheonlyadultintheir（75）,butby2006,just55%werelivingwithoutanothermeansofsupport—（76）morewomencohabitatingwithamalepartnerorgrandparent.Now,that’snottosaymarriagedoesn’t（77）withsignificanteconomicbenefits.AsresearchbyZagorskyandothersillustrates,itdoes.Achildinasingle-parentfamily,forinstance,isfivetimesas（78）tolivebelowthepovertyline.Whatthetwosocialscientiststrytoillustrate,though,isthatmarriagewouldn’tnecessarily（79）moreper-personwealth.Marryingsomeonewhoischronically（80）might（81）notbeaneconomicstepup.A.popularityB.valueC.prestigeD.worth

2.GotabigsocialnetworkThenyouprobablyhavealargeamygdala（扁桃体）,accordingtoanewstudythatfoundaconnectionbetweenthesizeofandthenumberofsocialrelationshipsapersonhas.Thecomplexityofthoserelationshipswasalsolinkedwithamygdalasize.Understandingtherelationshipbetweenthesizeofanindividual’samygdalaandhisorhersocialrelationshipscouldhelpleadtotreatmentsforavarietyofconditionsthatinvolvedifficultieswithsocialconnections,suchasdepressionorautism（孤独症）.Sowhatdoestheamygdalaactuallydo"

It’sstronglyconnectedwithalmosteveryotherstructureinbrain.Inthepast,peopleassumeditwasreallyimportantforfear.Thentheydiscovereditwasactuallyimportantforallemotions.Andit’salsoimportantforsocialinteractionandfacerecognition,"

LisaBarrett,directoroftheInterdisciplinaryAffectiveScienceLaboratoryatNortheasternUniversity,says,"

Theamygdala’sjobingeneralistosignaltotherestofbrainwhensomethingthatyou’refacedwithisuncertain."

Barrettsaysitiscommonlyassumedthatthesizeofastructurereflectsitscomputationalcapacity,notingthatifyourlargeramygdalaeasilyallowsyoutoidentifypeopleyou’vemetbeforeatacocktailparty,youwillhaveamucheasiertimeconnectingandsocializing."

Youcanimaginethatmightbeonethingsomeonewithbigamygdalamightbebetteratandthatmightlaythefoundationforeasierformationofsocialbonds,"

shesays.Interestingly,however,amygdalasizewasnotrelatedtothequalityofthoserelationshipsortowhetherornotpeopleenjoyedsocializing."

Welookedatmeasuresof’Howmuchdoyouenjoysocialinteraction’and’Areyousatisfiedwithyoursocialsupport’andthatwasnotrelatedtoamygdalavolume,"

saysBarrett.Priorresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithautisticspectrumdisorders（自闭症）havesmalleramygdalas,whichcouldhelpexplaintheirsocialproblems.Butthesestudiescannotdeterminecauseoreffect--whetherhavingasmallamygdalamakessocializingdifficult,orwhetherlackofsocialinteractionshrinkstheamygdala--orwhetherbothfactorsinteractandresultinasmallerbrainregion."

Thisstudyrepresentsanimportantinitialstudyinhumanneurosociology--thestudyoftheneurobiology（神经生物学）ofhumanlivinggroups.Thefindings,whilepreliminary,suggestthatthestructureandfunctionalcapacityofourbrainisinfluencedbythenature,qualityandquantityofrelationalconnectionswe--andourextendedrelationalcommunity--have,"

saysDr.BrucePerry,seniorfellowattheChildTraumaAcademywhowasnotassociatedwiththeresearch.Whilethisstudydidnotlookatthesizeofpeople’sonlinesocialnetworks,theresearchersplantoincludethosemeasuresinfutureresearchtodeterminetheirinfluence.HowdidDr.BrucePerryviewthisstudy

A.Itisarepresentativestudyinhumanneurosociology.

B.Itshowsourbrainfunctionisaffectedbythenature.

C.Thefindingsaretoopreliminarytobeworthful.

D.Thestudyhasalargeroomtobefurtherpolished.

3.Inher1998book,TheNurtureAssumption,Harrisarguedthatwhenitcomestochildren’ssuccess,parentsdon’tmatteratall:

thediversityinchildren’soutcomesthatweseeisprettymuchentirelyaccountedforbygenesandpeerinfluences,except,perhaps,incasesofextremeabuse.IntheWallStreetJournal,sciencewriterJonahLehrermadeasimilarcase,butonlyregardingrichparents,notpoorones--atleastintermsofearlychildintelligence.Forherbook,Harrisreviewedmassiveamountsofdataonparentingstyles,andfoundthatmuchofitwasfilledwithmethodologicalflaws.Inherreview,therewaslittleresearchtosuggestthatparentingmadeanyhugedifferenceinchildpersonality.Shenotedthatsocietalswingsinparentingpractices--fromstricttopermissiveandbackagain--didn’tseemtochangemuchthefundamentalmixofpersonalitiesorintelligencethatwesee.Butit’snotclearwhetherthesefindingsarereallyduetoalackofeffect,oraninabilitytomeasureitandclarifyallthevariables.Now,basedonanewtwinstudythatfollowed750identicalandfraternaltwins（异卵双胞胎）fromage10monthsto2years,Lehrerarguesthattheinfluenceofpoorparentsmatters,butthatofrichonesdoesnot.Thestudyfoundthat80%ofthedifferenceinkids’intelligencebyage2wasattributabletohomeenvironment--butonlyamongpoorkids.Thatidea,however,missesafewbigthings.Forone,asLehrernotes,thestudydidfindthatatage10months,parentswerethebiggestinfluenceonchildren’sintelligenceacrossallsocioeconomicclasses.Sincelaterdevelopmentbuildsonearlierexperience,it’snotasthoughthefirst10monthsdon’tcount.Secondly,choicesaboutthingslikechildcarecanmattertremendously.Althoughthisisanextremeexample,Dr.BrucePerry,inhisbookBornForLove:

WhyEmpathyIsEssentialandEndangered,tellsthestoryofawealthychildwhowasparentedbymultiplesequentialnannies.Whenthechildseemedtobecomemoreattachedtoanannythantohismother--whichwasinevitablebecausethenannyspentthemosttimewiththechildinthisfamilyIthatnannywasfired.Thefamilywentthrough18differentnannies,subjectingthechildoverandovertothestressofabandonment,andtheboygrewuptobeasexoffender.Dr.Perryhasalsoseenothercasesofsevereconsequencesofthiskindofdisruptedcare-givinginwealthychildren.Harriswascorrecttopointouttheflawsintheevidencethatshowthatparentingisthemaindeterminantofachild’sfuture.AndLehrerisrightthatifthechildhoodenvironmentweremadeequallygoodforall,theonlyvarianceinintelligencewe’dseewouldbedowntogenes.WhatdoestheauthorintendtosaybytellingthestoryinDr.BrucePerry’sbook

A.Parentsshouldn’tchangenanniesoverandoveragain.

B.Nanniesshouldn’tbetooconsideratetothechildren.

C.Childrentendtobecomemoreattachedtonanniesthantotheirmoms.

D.Thingslikechildcarealsoinfluencechildren’spersonalityandintelligence.

4.FightingBingeDrinkingOnCampusItTakesaVillage.

5.Conventionalwisdomsaysthatifyouwanttobericher,ausefulthingtodoistogetmarried.Lifeischeaperwhenthere’sonlyone（62）topayandsomeoneelsecandocertaintasks--cookingorcarrepair--more（63）thanyou.ResearchbyOhioStateUniversity’sJayZagorskyshowsthatmarriedbabyboomersincreasetheir（64）anaverage16%ayear,（65）thosewhoaresingleincreasetheirnet（66）athalfthatrate.Yettheeconomic（67）ofmarriageisn’twhatitusedtobe.InachapterofabooknewlyoutfromtheRussellSageFoundation,ChangingPoverty,ChangingPolicies,twosocialscientistsshowthatthemarriagepremiumhassubsidedsince1969.They（68）tostudyhowthechangingmakeupofAmericanfamilieshasaffectedthenumberofpeoplebelowthepovertyline.（69）howtherateofmarriagehasfallenandtherateofdivorcehas（70）,theresearchersexpectedthenumberofpeoplelivingbelowthepovertylinetogrow2.6%.Butwhentheylookedatthedata,povertyhadincreasedbylessthanhalfthat（71）.WhyIna（72）,becausesinglewomen,eventhosewithkids,haveaneasiertimesupportingthemselvesoutsidemarriagethantheyusedto.Morewomenareworking,increasinglyforwagesthatare（73）withthoseofmen.Womenarehavingchildrenlaterinlife,and（74）ofthem.Ontopofthat,agrowingpercentageofwomenwhohavechildrenbutaren’tmarrieddon’tliveontheirown.In1970,62%ofsinglemothersweretheonlyadultintheir（75）,but