资源回收潜力分析研究基于中国城市和农村生活垃圾的研究外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx
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资源回收潜力分析研究基于中国城市和农村生活垃圾的研究外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译
附录
AnAnalyticalStudyontheResourceRecyclingPotentialsof
UrbanandRuralDomesticWasteinChina
Abstract
Thetotalwet-basisweightofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisabout500,000,000tonseveryyear,60%ofwhichcomesfromdry-basiswaste(about300,000,000tons).Single-composition,cleanwastethatisseparatedonadrybasis,especiallythelow-valuecomponentssuchasfoodwasteandplastics,hashugeresourcerecyclingpotentials.Thepotentialaddedvaluesfromresourcerecyclingofthe500,000,000tonsofurbanandruraldomesticwastewouldbearoundRMB926.17billion,RMB1,065.98billionandRMB1,205.81billionuponthreepricesofgranulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizers.ApotentialvalueofRMB1,065.98billion,forinstance,wouldbe2.26%ofChina’s2011GDP(RMB47.1564trillion),whichmaymakeresourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteoneofthelargeindustries.Resourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteisamajorenergy-savingandenvironment-friendlystrategicemergingindustryinChina,andaprioritizedmanagementstrategyforresourcerecyclingofdomesticwasteshouldbeestablishedforthemaximumresourcerecycling.
Keywords:
Domesticwaste;Resourcerecycling;Potentialanalysis
1.Issues
TheevaluationonresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisanimportantbasisforawell-drawntechnologyroadmapofdomesticwasteandworkablemanagementpolicies.Accordingtothedry-basisseparationtestforurbanresidentialwaste,domesticwasteincludeshigh-valuemarketablewasteandlow-valueunmarketablewaste,inwhichpaper,bulkyfurnitureandothersinthefirstcategorymaybecollectedandsoldviavariouschannels,whereasthoseinthesecondcategorygotolandfillsorareburnedbecauseoftheir“uselessness”.
AccordingtotheWorldBank,therewillbeavastmarketforsecondhandmaterialsinChina,andby2030,urbanwasteinChina–paperandmetalsinparticular–willbeoneofthebiggestcommoditysourcesintheworld.DomesticstudiesshowthatChinaproduces400,000,000tonsofdomesticwasteeachyear,indicatingitistimetousewasteasastrategicresource.Accordingtotheacademiccommunity,wasteshouldbeknownastheoneandonlygrowingresource,andthewasteindustryshouldbeplannedasoneofthekeyindustries.
Accordingtorelevantstatistics,“renewableresources”thatarediscardedinChinesecitieseveryyeararevaluedatRMB25billion,andtheyearlyvalueofdiscardeddomesticwaste“resources”approximatesatRMB125billion.InChina,everyyearthereisahugeamountofdomesticwasteburiedorburnedbeforeseparation,anditsresourcerecyclingpotentialsneedtobefurtherstudied.Inthispaper,theresourcerecyclingpotentialsofvalue-addedprocessingandproductionofdry-basisrawmaterialsfromurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaareestimatedandanalyzedonthebasisofthedry-basisseparationtestandrelevantdomesticstudies.
2.TotalWeightandTotalDry-basisWeightofUrbanandRuralDomesticWasteinChina
Accuratebasicdataofthetotalwet-basisweightandthetotaldry-basisweightisanecessityfortheresourcerecyclingpotentialanalysisofdomesticwaste.However,allweknowabouturbandomesticwasteatpresentishowmuchithasbeencollectedandtransportedinsteadofbeingproduced,andforruraldomesticwaste,welackboth.Therefore,wehavetoestimatetheproductionfromtheweightofcollectedandtransportedwaste,andcalculatetheproductionofruraldomesticwasteaccordingtorelevantdata.
2.1Annualproductionofurbandomesticwaste
AccordingtotheMinistryofConstruction,urbandomesticwastethatwascollectedandtransportedin654citiesofChinaamountedto157,000,000tonsin2010.Theproductionissupposedtobe25%higher,or,accordingtoZhangLiJing’sconservativeestimate,30%higher.Sotheactualproductionofurbandomesticwasteinthe654citiesmaybeestimatedbetween196,250,000tonsand204,100,000tons–200,000,000tonsforconvenience.
2.2.Annualproductionofruraldomesticwaste
AccordingtoanationwidesurveyondrinkingwaterandenvironmentalhealthinruralareasthatwasjointlyorganizedbytheNationalPatrioticHealthCampaignCommitteeandtheMinistryofHealthfromAugust2006toNovember2007,domesticwastewasamajorpartoffarmerhouseholdwaste,thedailyproductionofruraldomesticwastewas0.86kgperperson,andeveryyeartherewasnearly300,000,000tonsofdomesticwasteproducedinChina’sruralareas,ofwhich1/3(about100,000,000tons)wasrandomlydumpedandseriouslypollutedtheenvironment.
2.3.Totaldry-basisweightofurbanandruraldomesticwaste
TheaveragewatercontentofurbanresidentialwasteinBeijingis50.19%.Estimatedfromawatercontentof50%,the200,000,000tonsofurbandomesticwasteproducedinChinaincludesabout100,000,000tonsofwater,whichmeansthetotaldry-basisweightis100,000,000tons.Calculatedfromawatercontentof35.79%ofruraldomesticwasteinBeijing,the300,000,000tonsofruraldomesticwasteinChinaisthesumof107,370,000tonsofwaterandabout200,000,000tonsofdry-basiswaste.Insuchacase,theannualamountofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinaisabout500,000,000tons,includingmorethan200,000,000tonsofwaterandabout300,000,000tonsofdry-basiswaste.
2.4.Referencephysicalcomponentsforevaluationonresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbanandruraldomesticwaste
TheevaluationontheresourcerecyclingpotentialsofurbandomesticwasteisbasedonreferencecomponentsinTable1andTable2,andthatofruraldomesticwasteisbasedonthefindingsofXieDongming.
Table1.PhysicalcomponentsofdomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijing,2007(wetbasis,%)
Table2.Physicalcomponentsoflow-valueurbanresidentialwaste
Table3.PhysicalcomponentsofruraldomesticwasteinChina(wetbasis,%)
3.EstimatesonResourceRecyclingPotentialsofUrbanandRuralDomesticWaste
BasedonthereferencecomponentsinTables1-3,theresourcerecyclingpotentialsofmajordomesticwasteareestimatedasfollows.
3.1.Foodwaste
Urbanfoodwaste.Urbanhouseholdfoodwasteareaquitelargepartofdomesticwaste(asshowninTable1,foodwasteaccountedfor66.22%ofthedomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijingin2007).Forconvenience,weassume60%ofurbandomesticwasteisfoodwasteinaverage,sotherewouldbe120,000,000tonsoffoodwasteinthe200,000,000tonsofurbandomesticwaste.AccordingtoLiZhenshanetal.,thedryweightoffoodwasteis20-25%,sotheannualtotaldry-basisweightofurbanfoodwasteinChinawouldbe27,600,000tonsuponameandryweightof23%.Themostappropriatewatercontentforcompostingis50-60%,andtheproducedorganicfertilizersweigh50%lighterthanthetotal,sothepotentialamountoforganicfertilizersfromurbandomesticwasteinChinawouldbe21,390,000tonsincaseofawatercontentof55%(27,600,000x1.55=42,780,000/2).
AccordingtoTable3,foodwasteaccountsfor24.54%ofthetotalruraldomesticwasteinChina.Basedonaroundedpercentageof25%,thetotalamountofruralfoodwasteinChinawouldbe75,000,000tons,including17,500,000tonsofdry-basiswaste(dry-basiscontent:
23%)whichcouldproduce13,562,500tonsoforganicfertilizers(17,500,000x1.55=27,515,000/2).
Accordingtotheaboveanalysisandestimates,thetheoreticpotentialamountoforganicfertilizersfromfoodwasteintheannually500,000,000tonsofurbanandruraldomesticwasteinChinawouldbe34,952,500tons(21,390,000+13,562,500).Incaseofthemostappropriateratiooforganicandinorganicnutrientsfororganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizers(1:
1),thepotentialamountoforganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizersfromfoodwasteinChinaapproximatesat69,905,000tons.
Granulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizersareefficient,high-qualityslow-releasefertilizers.Slow/controlledreleasefertilizersusuallycost3-9timesmorethanordinaryfertilizersoutsideChina,and2-8timesmorethanordinarychemicalfertilizers,knownas“unaffordablefertilizers”.ByJune2012,thepriceofureainthedomesticmarkethasbeenstabilizedataroundRMB2,300/t.GiventhepriceofureaisRMB2,000/t,thenthepotentialvalueofthe69,905,000tonsofgranulatedorganic-inorganiccompoundfertilizerswouldbeRMB139.81billion,RMB279.62billionandRMB419.43billionatdifferentpriceratiosofslow/controlledreleasefertilizersandordinaryfertilizers(1:
1,2:
1and3:
1).
3.2.Wasteplastics
Low-valuewasteplasticsareusuallysenttolandfillsorburnedratherthanbeingrecycled,leadingtoseriousenvironmentalpollutionandresourcewaste.AccordingtoTable1,wasteplasticsaccountedfor13.11%ofdomesticwasteintheeighturbandistrictsofBeijing,sothetotalamountofplasticsinurbandomesticwasteinChinawouldbe20,000,000tons(thepercentageisassumedat10%forconvenience).AccordingtoTable3,6.02%ofruraldomesticwasteisplastics,sothetotalamountwouldbe18,060,000tons.Asaresult,theannualproductionofurbanandruralwasteplasticswouldbeabout38,060,000tons.
Wood-plasticcompositesarenewreversibleandrecyclablemultipurposematerialswhicharemainlymadeofwoodfibersandplastics(plasticresin:
30-75%;woodfibers:
25-70%).Wood-plasticbuildingtemplatesmadeofwasteplastics(30%)andwoodchips(70%)havealreadybeendevelopedinChina,whichmeans126,870,000tonsofwood-plasticboardscanbeproducedfromthe38,060,000tonsofwasteplastics.Assumingwood-plastictemplatescostRMB5,760/t[20],thepotentialvaluewouldbeRM