Quality Assurance Terms Glossary.docx

Quality Assurance Terms Glossary.docx

《Quality Assurance Terms Glossary.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Quality Assurance Terms Glossary.docx（69页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

QualityAssuranceTermsGlossary

QUALITYGLOSSARY

References:

1.FreeQuality.OrgGlossarybyS.ThomasFoster,Jr.,PhDfromManagingQuality:

AnIntegrativeApproach（CourtesyofPrenticeHall）

2.AQualityLexiconcompiledbyOhioQualityandProductivityForum

3.QualitybyDonnaC.S.Summers,PrenticeHall,1997

4.BurgeHughesWalshConsulting,SixSigmaGlossary

5.SmarterSolutions,Inc.

（Top）

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

A

acceptablequalitylevel（AQL） Themaximumpercentageorproportionofnonconformitiesinalotorbatchthatcanbeconsideredsatisfactoryasaprocessaverage.

acceptancesampling Statisticalqualitycontroltechniqueusedindecidingtoacceptorrejectashipmentofinputoroutput.

activedatagathering Amethodforgatheringdatathatinvolvesapproachingrespondentstogetinformation.

activelysolicitedcustomerfeedback Proactivemethodsforobtainingcustomerfeedbacksuchascallingcustomersonthetelephoneorinvitingcustomerstoparticipateinfocusgroups.

activitynetworkdiagram AlsoknowsasaPERTdiagram,anactivitynetworkdiagramisatoolusedincontrollingprojects.

aesthetics Adimensionofqualitythatreferstosubjectivesensorycharacteristicssuchastaste,sound,look,andsmell.

affinitydiagram Atoolthatisusedtohelpgroupsidentifythecommonthemesthatareassociatedwithaparticularproblem.

alignment Termthatreferstooptimalcoordinationamongdisparatedepartmentsanddivisionswithinafirm.

andon AJapanesetermthatreferstothewarninglightsonanassemblylinethatlightupwhenadefectoccurs.Whenthelightsgoon,theassemblylineisusuallystoppeduntiltheproblemisdiagnosedandcorrected.

annuityrelationship Thisoccurswhenabusinessreceivesmanyrepeatpurchasesfromacustomer.Theincomeisreceivedsteadilyovertimefromasinglecustomer.

appraisalcosts Expensesassociatedwiththedirectcostsofmeasuringquality.

assurance Adimensionofservicequalitythatreferstotheknowledgeandcourtesyofemployeesandtheirabilitytoinspiretrustandconfidence.

attribute Abinomialstateofbeing.

AbileneParadox-BasedonastoryofagroupofpeoplethatendedupagreeingtogotoAbilene,wheninrealitynoneofthemwantedtogo.Abookbythesamename[1974]describesthephenomenoninteamsortaskgroupsthatcausespeopletosayanddothingsinordertogainorkeepapprovalofothersinthegroup.This,andthetendencytofocusondifferencesratherthanpointsofagreementmaycauseagrouptofailtorecognizetheyareeachafterthesamegoals.Theneedtobeacceptedaspartofthegroupmayresultina"collectiveself-deceptionthatleadstoself-

acceptablequalitylevel（AQL） Themaximumpercentageorproportionofnonconformitiesinalotorbatchthatcanbeconsideredsatisfactoryasaprocessaverage.

acceptancesampling Statisticalqualitycontroltechniqueusedindecidingtoacceptorrejectashipmentofinputoroutput.

accountability-Holdinganindividualorgroupsubjecttoblameorpenaltyfortheresultsofspecifiedtasks,functionsorresults.Theriskcanbethattheindividualorgroup,whilehavingresponsibilitytomakeacontributiontothetaskorresult,cannotcontrolallofthefactorsaffectingtheoutcomeandmaybeblamed（orcredited）undeservedlyforeffectsofotherfactors.

accreditationcertificationbyadulyrecognizedbodyofthefacilities,capability,objectivity,competence,andintegrityofanagency,serviceoroperationalgrouporindividualtoprovidethespecificservice（s）oroperation（s）needed.

accreditedregistrarsQualifiedorganizationscertifiedbyanationalbody（e.g.,theRegistrarAccreditationBoardintheU.S.）toperformauditstotheQS-9000andtoregistertheauditedfacilityasmeetingtheserequirementsforagivencommodity.

accuracy-Thedegreeofagreementoftheresultsofameasurementprocesswithanestablishedstandard（see"Precision"）.Assumesthemeasurementprocessisinstatisticalcontrol.

activedatagathering Amethodforgatheringdatathatinvolvesapproachingrespondentstogetinformation.

activelysolicitedcustomerfeedback Proactivemethodsforobtainingcustomerfeedbacksuchascallingcustomersonthetelephoneorinvitingcustomerstoparticipateinfocusgroups.

activitynetworkdiagram AlsoknowsasaPERTdiagram,anactivitynetworkdiagramisatoolusedincontrollingprojects.

aesthetics Adimensionofqualitythatreferstosubjectivesensorycharacteristicssuchastaste,sound,look,andsmell.

affinitydiagram Atoolthatisusedtohelpgroupsidentifythecommonthemesthatareassociatedwithaparticularproblem.Aprocesstoorganizedisparatelanguageinformationbyplacingitoncardsandgroupingthecardsthatgotogetherinacreativeway.“Header”cardsarethenusedtosummarizeeachgroupofcards.

algorithm-Aprocedureforcarryingoutatask.

alignment Termthatreferstooptimalcoordinationamongdisparatedepartmentsanddivisionswithinafirm.

alternativehypothesis-anullhypothesis（typicallythatthereisnoeffect）iscomparedwithanalternativehypothesis（typicallythatthereisaneffect,orthatthereisaneffectofaparticularsign）.

andon AJapanesetermthatreferstothewarninglightsonanassemblylinethatlightupwhenadefectoccurs.Whenthelightsgoon,theassemblylineisusuallystoppeduntiltheproblemisdiagnosedandcorrected.

annuityrelationship Thisoccurswhenabusinessreceivesmanyrepeatpurchasesfromacustomer.Theincomeisreceivedsteadilyovertimefromasinglecustomer.

ANOVAAnalysisofVariance.Astatisticalmethodforunderstandingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweendifferentdistributions.

ANOVAstudies-similartoTtests,exceptthatmorestatisticalinformationisobtainedaboutthecomponentsofproductandprocessvariation.

appraisalcosts 

（1）Expensesassociatedwiththedirectcostsofmeasuringquality.

appraisalcosts

（2）costsincurredtodeterminethedegreeofconformancetoqualityrequirements

assignablecause

（1）Outsideinfluencesontheprocess'sperformancethatchangethenatureandaddvariationtoaprocess.Oneshouldlookforassignablecausesforpointsoutsidethecontrollimitsorpointsinsidethelimitswithunnaturalpatterns.

assignablecause

（2）（AlsoSpecialCause）Asourceofvariationthatisnotpartoftheinherentvariationforwhichitisoftenpossibletoassignthereasonforthevariation.

assurance Adimensionofservicequalitythatreferstotheknowledgeandcourtesyofemployeesandtheirabilitytoinspiretrustandconfidence.

attribute Acharacteristicthatcantakeonlyonevalue..

attributesdata

（1）（Alsodiscretedata）Canbedescribedasthenumberoftimessomethinghappensornotandisthereforeanintegerquantity.Attributedatacannotbelogicallysubdivided;youcannothave0.4ofa‘defect’.

attributesdata

（2）-Dataarisingbyclassifyingtheindividualoutcomesofaprocessintotwoormorecategories-orbycountingthenumberofoccurrencesperunitoftime,areaorvolume.

attrition Thepracticeofnothiringnewemployeestoreplaceolderemployeeswhoeitherquitorretire.

assessmentAnevaluationprocessincludingadocumentreview,anon-siteauditandananalysisandreport.

auditAnonsiteverificationactivityusedtodeterminetheeffectiveimplementationofasupplier'sdocumentedqualitysystem.

auditSystematic,independentanddocumentedprocessforobtainingauditevidenceandevaluatingitobjectivelytodeterminetheextenttowhichauditcriteriaarefulfilled.

auditclientOrganizationorpersonrequestinganaudit.

auditconclusionOutcomeofanauditprovidedbytheauditteamafterconsiderationoftheauditobjectivesandallauditfindings.

auditcriteriaSetofpolicies,proceduresorrequirementsusedasareference（whileconductinganaudit）.

auditeeOrganizationbeingaudited.

auditevidenceRecords,statementsoffactorotherinformationwhicharerelevanttotheauditcriteriaandverifiable.

auditfindingsResultsoftheevaluationofthecollectedauditevidenceagainstauditcriteria.

auditorPersonwiththecompetencetoconductanaudit.

auditprogramSetofoneormoreauditsplannedforaspecifictimeframeanddirectedtowardsaspecificpurpose.

auditteamOneormoreauditorsconductinganaudit.

averageoutgoingquality（AOQ）:

Theexpectedaveragequalitylevelofoutgoingproductforagivenvalueofincomingproductquality.

averageoutgoingqualitylimit（AOQL）:

Themaximumaverageoutgoingqualityoverallpossiblelevelsofincomingqualityforagivenacceptancesamplingplananddisposalspecification.

averagerunlengths（ARL）:

Onacontrolchart,thenumberofsubgroupsexpectedtobeinspectedbeforeashiftinmagnitudetakesplace.

averagesamplenumber（ASN）:

Theaveragenumberofsampleunitsinspectedperlotinreachingdecisionstoacceptorreject.

averagetotalinspection（ATI）:

Theaveragenumberofunitsinspectedperlot,includingallunitsinrejectedlots（applicablewhentheprocedurecallsfor100%inspectionofrejectedlots）.

awardaudits Sitevisitsrelatingtoawardprograms.

axiomsofprobabilityTherearethreeaxiomsofprobability:

（1）Chancesarealwaysatleastzero.

（2）Thechancethatsomethinghappensis100%.（3）Iftwoeventscannotbothoccuratthesametime（iftheyaredisjointormutuallyexclusive）,thechancethateitheroneoccursisthesumofthechancesthateachoccurs.

B

balancedscorecard:

Asuggestedtooltodescribetherelevantmeasuresofabusiness,usuallyinthefollowingcategories:

financial,orreturnoninvestmentandeconomicvalue-added;

customer,orsatisfaction,retention,marketandaccountshare;