职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译.docx
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职业健康安全管理体系和安全文化英文翻译
OHSMSandSafetyCulture
Whatisanoccupationalhealthandsafetymanagementsystem(OHSMS)?
OnedifficultlyinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofOHSMSliesinthedifferentmeaningsgiventotheteam.Findingagreementuponcriteriaforeffectiveness,ormethodsofmeasure-mentandevaluationisespeciallyhardwherebasicdisagreementexistsuponwhatanOHSMS.
1、TheGeneralCharacteristicsOfanOHSMS
AllOHSMSowesomethingtothelegacyofgeneralsystemtheory.SystemstheorysuggeststhatthereshouldbefourgeneralrequirementsforanOHSMS,althoughhowthererequirementsaremetinpracticeallowsforconsiderablediversity.Thefourgeneralrequirementsareasfollows.
1)Systemobjectives.
2)Specificationofsystemelementsandtheirinter-relationship;notallsystemsneedhavethesameelements.
3)DeterminingtherelationshipoftheOHSMStoothersystems(includingthegeneralmanagementsystem,andtheregulatorysystem,butalsotechnologyandworkorganization).
4)Requirementsforsystemmaintenance(whichmaybeinternal,linkedtoareviewphase,orexternal,linkedforexampletoindustrypoliciesthatsupportOHSbestpractice;systemmaintenancemayvarybetweensystems).
SeveralAustralianauthoritiesuponOHSMShavegivendefinitionsbroadlyconsistentwiththesegeneralsystemrequirements.ThusBottomleynoteswhatmakesanOHSMSasystem“isthedeliberatelinkingandsequencingofprocessestoachievespecificobjectivesandtocreatearepeatableandidentifiablewayofmanagingOHS.Correctiveactions…(arealso)centraltoasystematicapproach.”
WarwickPearsealsoemphasisessystemiclinkages,defininganOHSMSas“distinctelementswhichcoverthekeyrangeofactivitiesrequiredtomanageoccupationalhealthandsafety.Theseareinter-linked,andthewholethingisdrivenbyfeedbackloops.”
Similarly,GallagherdefinesanOHSMSas“…acombinationoftheplanningandreview,themanagementorganizationarrangements,theconsultativearrangements,andthespecificprogramelementsthatworktogetherinanintegratedwaytoimprovehealthandsafetyperformance.”
2、VoluntaryOrMandatoryImplementationMethods
OnewaythatOHSMSdifferarisesfromthevariousmethodsofimplementation.FrickandWrendistinguishthreetypes—voluntary,mandatoryandhybird.VoluntarysystemsexistwhereenterprisesadoptOHSMSontheirowevolition.Oftenthisistoimplementstrategicobjectivesrelatingtoemployeewelfareorgoodcorporatecitizenship,althoughtheremaybeothermotivessuchasreducinginsurancecosts.Incontrast,mandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.Quasimandatorymethodsmayalsoexistwhereexternalcommercialpressurestaketheplaceoflegislativerequirements.ThusmanybusinessesadoptOHSMStocomplywiththerequirementsofcustomersandsuppliers,principalcontractorsandothercommercialbodies.Hybridmethodsaresaidtoentailamixtureofvoluntarymotivesandlegislativerequirements.
3.ManagementSystemsorSystematicManagement
FollowingfromtheirdistinctionbetweenvoluntaryandmandatoryOHSMS,FrickandWrenalsoseparateoccupationalhealthandsafety“managementsystems”,andthe“managementsystems”ofoccupationalhealthandsafety.Specifically,theformerhavebeencharacterizedas:
market-based,promotedtypicallybyconsultingfirms,andwithusuallyhighlyformalizedprescriptionsonhowtointegrateOHSMwithinlargeandcomplexorganizationsandalsocomprehensivedemandsondocumentation.
This“managementsystems”frommustmeetstringentcriteria.Wheretheserequirementsofa“systems”arenotmet,thenthetermissaidtobeinapplicable.Ontheotherhand,“systematicmanagement”isdescribedas“…alimitednumberofmandatedprinciplesforasystematicmanagementofOHS,applicabletoalltypesofemployersincludingthesmallones”.
ThisapproachstemsfrommethodsofregulationfoundinEuropeaswellasAustralia,wherebusinesses,includingsmallerones,areencouragedorrequiredtocomplywithalessdemandingframeworkthan“managementsystems”.Oneexampleofthissimplerregulatoryframeworkmightbetheriskassessmentprincipleswithinthe1989/391EuropeanUnionFrameworkDirective.
SupportforsuchalooseapproachtoOHSMalsoexistsinAustralia.OneemployerexpertonOHSdefinedsystemssimplyas“justawordforwhatyoudotomanagesafety”.ConsistentwiththisisBottomley’sall-encompassingapproachwhichallowsthat“…anOHSMScanbesimpleorcomplex,itcanbehighlydocumentedorsparinglydescribed,anditcanbehomegrownorbasedonanavailablemodel”.Anexampleofarelativelysimple“systematic”approachtothemanagementofoccupationalhealthandsafetyistobefoundin“SmallBusinessSafetySolutions”-abookletforsmallbusinesspublishedbytheAustral