最新整理语言学名词解释.docx

最新整理语言学名词解释.docx

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最新整理语言学名词解释

（完整）语言学名词解释

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Definethefollowingterms:

1。

  Linguistics：

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.  Phonology：

Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology。

3.  Syntax:

Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.。

4。

  Pragmatics:

Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics。

5。

  Psycholinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics。

6。

  Language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

7.  Phonetics:

Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

8.  Morphology：

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology。

9。

  Semantics：

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics。

10.  Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.

11。

  Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense，appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning，especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability。

12.  Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage。

Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

13。

  Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

14.  Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar—awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

15.  Duality：

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem，whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings。

16。

  Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

17.  Competence：

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

18。

  Performance：

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication。

19.  Langue：

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity；Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow；Langueisrelativelystable，itdoesnotchangefrequently

20。

  Parole：

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse；paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation。

45。

phonology：

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage；itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication。

21。

phoneme:

Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme；itisaunitofdistinctivevalue。

Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures。

22.allophone：

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme。

23.internationalphoneticalphabet：

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.  

24。

intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。

25。

phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages

26。

auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview。

Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.

27.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves。

Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。

528.phone：

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment。

Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning。

529。

phonemiccontrast：

Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning，theyareinphonemiccontrast.

30。

tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords。

31。

minimalpair：

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

33.  Morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed。

34。

  inflectionalmorphology：

Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections

35。

derivationalmorphology：

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword—formation。

36。

  Morpheme：

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage。

37.  freemorpheme:

Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

38。

    Boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

39.  Root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword；itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear，definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword。

40.  Affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational。

Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories，whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

41.  Prefix：

Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword。

Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.                  

42。

  Suffix：

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

43.  Derivation：

Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword。

44。

  Compounding：

Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

45。

  syntax：

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics。

Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.

46。

  Sentence：

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement，questionorcommand.Normally，asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.

47.  coordinatesentence:

Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and”,”but”,"or".

48。

  syntacticcategories：

Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.

49。

grammaticalrelations：

Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb。

Inmanycases，grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.

50。

linguisticcompetence：

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.

51。

Transformationalrules：

Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype。

52。

D-structure：

D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace。

Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure。

53.Semantics：

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

54。

Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualised。

55.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal，physicalworld；itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

56。

Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

57。

Polysemy：

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

58。

Homonymy：

Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform，i。

e。

differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

59。

homophones：

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones

60.homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling，theyarehomographs.

61。

completehomonyms。

：

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling，theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

62。

Hyponymy：

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral，moreinclusivewordandamorespecifi