Lecture 3《英语词汇学》第三章教案.docx

Lecture 3《英语词汇学》第三章教案.docx

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Lecture3《英语词汇学》第三章教案

Lecture3

讲授题目：

BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary

所属章节：

《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章

计划学时：

2periods

教学方法：

传统讲授法

参考资料：

《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》

教学目的和要求：

通过本单元的学习，学生对词的定义，词汇的分类等词的基本知识有了一定的了解。

教学重点：

1）Whatisaword?

2）Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning.

3）ClassificationofEnglishwords.

教学难点：

1）Thedefinitionofword.

2）Classificationofwords.

1.Whatisaword

Whatisaword?

Thisquestionhasoccupiedtheattentionoflinguistsforages.Althoughnumerousdefinitionshavebeensuggested,noneofthemseemtobeperfect.Scholarsdon’tagreeonthedefinitionoftheword.Tosumup,thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:

▪

（1）aminimalfreeformofalanguage;

（一门语言中最小的自由形式）

▪

（2）asoundunity;

（一个声音统一体）

▪（3）aunitofmeaning;

（一个意义单位）

▪（4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

（在句子中能独立起作用的一个形式）

Therefore,wecansaythatawordis“aminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction”.

（词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。

）

※如果撇开能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是最小的有语义的单位。

语言中最小的“语音语义的结合体”称为“词素”（morpheme）。

2.SoundandMeaning

Awordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.

Eachoftheworld’scultureshascometoagreethatcertainsoundswillrepresentcertainpersons,things,places,properties,processesandactivitiesoutsidethelanguagesystem.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostarbitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’（LodwigandBarrett1993）.

IntroductionofNaturalist（自然派）andConventionalist（习惯派）

▪Thedifferencebetweenthetwoschoolsliesinthebeliefthatsoundhasorhasn’tdirectornecessaryconnectionwithmeaning.

▪Thenaturaliststhinkthesoundmustbeanechoofthesense.（音必定成为义的回声）Theconventionalistsholdthatthereisnointrinsiclogicalconnectionorrelationshipbetweenthesoundandthemeaningexceptonomatopoeia（拟声词）.

Onomatopoeia（拟声词）

●Gingle—铃声—铃pat—轻拍声—轻拍

▪Ping-pong—乒乓声—乒乓球

▪Cuckoo—布谷鸟叫声—布谷鸟

▪Drum—鼓声—鼓bomb—爆炸声—炸弹

▪Crash--轰隆声--猛撞,崩溃,破产,垮台

▪E.g.Thethundercrashedoverhead.

▪雷声在头顶隆隆作响。

▪Theboilingwatercrackedtheglass.

▪滚烫的开水使玻璃杯炸裂了。

▪OnomatopoeiaalsoexistsinChinese:

▪请帮我“咔嚓”一张。

▪两人都同时“哦”了一声。

Forexample,a‘‘dog’’iscalledadognotbecausethesoundandthethreelettersthatmakeupthewordjustautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion.Itisonlysymbolic.Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventionalbecausepeopleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtorefertotheanimalwiththisclusterofsounds.

Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Woman,forexample,becomes‘frau’inGerman,‘femme’inFrenchand‘fùnǔ’inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound[mi:

t]isusedtomeanmeet,meat,mete.Knightandnight,thoughdenotingentirelydifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.

3.SoundandForm

Itisgenerallyagreedthatthewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.Inotherwords,thesoundshouldbesimilartotheform.ThisisquitetrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

①TheinternalreasonforthisisthatEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans（Latinalphabet）,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage,sosomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

②Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawfarapart.Duringthelastfivehundredyears,thoughthesoundsofspeechhavechangedconsiderably,therehavebeennocorrespondingchangesofspelling.

③Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.BeforetheprintingpresswasbroughttoEngland,everythingwaswrittenbyhand.Thosescribes,whomadealivingbywritingforotherpeople,oftenworkedinhastetomeettheneedsoftheKing,Church,andmerchants.Oneproblemwasthatseveralletterswrittenwithshortverticalstrokes（短竖笔）,suchasi.u.v.m.wandnlookedallalike.Consequently,theirhandwritingcausedmisunderstanding.

Tosolvetheproblem,theychangedletterutoowhenitcamebeforem.n,orv.Thisishowsum,cum,wuman,wander,munkcametobewrittenassome,come,woman,wonder,monk.Atsomepoint,too,thescribesseemtohavedecidedthatnoEnglishwordshouldendinuorv.Thus,anewasaddedtosuchwordsaslive,have,dueandtruebutnotpronounced.

④Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.WhenEnglishborrowedwordsfromotherlanguages,itborrowedspellingaswell.Theearlyborrowingswereassimilatedandthelaterones,however,donotconformtotherulesofEnglishpronunciationandspelling,e.g.stimulus（L）,denouement（F）,fiesta（Sp）,eureka（Gr）,kimono（Jap）.

ThewrittenformofEnglishis,therefore,animperfectrepresentationofthespokenform.Inspiteofthedifferences,atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns.

由此可见，英语书面形式并不完全代表口语形式。

两者虽有差异，但80%以上的拼写在书面语和口语中还是统一的。

4.Vocabulary

Broadlyspeaking,vocabularycanbedefinedas:

①‘‘acompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage”.

②Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage.Itismoreorlesssynonymouswith‘lexis’and‘lexicon’,withthefirstmorecolloquial,thethirdmorelearnedandtechnical,andthesecondsituatedhalf-waybetweentheothertwo.Theterm‘vocabulary’isusedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,e.g.OldEnglishvocabulary,MiddleEnglishvocabularyandModernEnglishvocabulary.

5.Classificationofwords

TheEnglishvocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.

（1）BasicWordStockandNonbasicVocabulary

Basicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.

※Thesewordshaveobviouscharacteristics:

①Allnationalcharacter.Wordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphenomenaoftheworldaroundus,whichareindispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.Theyincludewordsrelatingtothefollowingrespects:

a.Naturalphenomena:

rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon;

b.Humanbodyandrelations:

head,foot,hand,father,mother,sister,daughter,son;

c.Namesofplantsandanimals:

oak,pine,horse,cow,cat;

d.Action,size,domain,state:

come,go,eat,good,evil,old,young,hot,cold.;

e.Numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions:

one,ten,hundred,I,you,your,in,out,under,and,but,till,as.

※ThesewordscannotbeavoidedbyanyspeakerofEnglish,irrespectiveofclass,origin,education,profession,geographicalregions,culture,etc.

②Stability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies,e.g.man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moon.Astheydenotethecommonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.Stability,however,isonlyrelative.Actually,thebasicwordstockhasbeenundergoingsomechanges.Wordslikearrow,bow,chariot,knight,whichwerecommoninthepast,havenowmovedoutofthewordstockwhereassuchwordsaselectricity,machine,car,plane,computer,television,whichdenotenewthingsandmodernwayoflife,haveenteredthestock.Butthischangeisslow.Therearemanymorewordsjoininginthandroppingout.

③Productivity.Wordsofthebasicstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.Theycaneachbeusedalone,andatthesametimecanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes,e.g.foot:

football,footpath,footer,footed,footloose,footing,footman,etc.Inthesameway,dog:

doglike,doghood,dog-cheap,dog-fall,dogfight,dog-paddle,dogsleep,tonamejustafew.

④Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaningbecausemostofthemhaveundergonesemanticchangesinthecourseofuseandbecomepolysemous.

Theverb‘cut’在《牛津英语词典》（TheOxfordEnglishDictionary）中将近150个义项，《新英汉词典》把它产归纳为32个义项。

多义词的各个词义尽管纷繁复杂，但还是构成一定的关系，主要有：

原始意义与引申意义，普遍意义与特殊意义，抽象意义与具体意义，字面意义与比喻意义。

⑤Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingsandthelike.Instancesarenumerous.Takeheartforexample:

achangeofheart;afterone’sheart;aheartofgold;breakone’sheart;cryone’sheartout;eatone’sheartout;andtakesth.toheart;heartandsoulsoon.

Ofcourse,notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore‘allnationalcharacter’isthemostimportantofallfeatures.

NonbasicVocabulary

Words,voidofthestatedcharacteristics,donotbelongtothecommoncoreofthelanguage.Theyincludedthefollowing:

①Terminology.Consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:

photoscanning,penicillin;inmathematics:

algebra,calculus;inmusic:

symphony,sonata（奏鸣曲）;ineduc