零基础初级英语文法词性解析.docx
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零基础初级英语文法词性解析
第一章名词
一、名词的分类:
名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。
普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词:
BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations
个体名词:
man,expert,factory
可数名词
集合名词:
audience(观众),class,family
普通名词:
物质名词:
water,coal,rice
不可数名词
抽象名词:
surprise,honour,help
二、可数名词的复数形式
1.一般情况,直接加-s。
port(港口)→ports;technique(技术)—techniques
2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词,加—es
bus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushes
branch—branches,stomach—stomachs(stomach词尾发k,故复数直接加-s)
3.辅音字母+y,变y为i,加-esuniversity—universities
y前为元音字母,直接加-sboy—boys
4.以O结尾加-eshero—heroes
O前为元音字母,及部分外来词直接加-s
zoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos
5.以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives
※以下f结尾单词直接加-sbelief—beliefs(信念)roof—roofs(屋顶)
proof—proofs(证据)safe—safes(保险柜)
chief—chiefs(首领)gulf—gulfs(海湾)
6.不规则名词
man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,
goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen
注1:
有些可数名词的单复数相同,要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数,例如:
sheep羊fish鱼deer鹿
means手段,方法works工厂,作品series系列
注2:
在些可数名词,只有单数形式,但表示复数意义。
如果作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:
cattle牛people人民police警察
注3:
集合名词既可看作单数(作为整体),也可看作复数(作为集体的各个成员)。
例如:
audience(观众)class(班级)family(家庭)group(小组)
Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.她家在该地区是名门望族。
Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.
她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
改错:
1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.
ABCD
2.Fishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.
ABCD
3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal(罪犯)?
ABCD
三、不可数名词
物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。
前面不能加不定冠词a/an,词尾也不能加—s。
请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。
news消息information信息advice忠告,建议progress进步,进展
knowledge知识weather天气fun乐趣equipment设备
English英语furniture家具wealth财富damage损坏
traffic交通,车辆及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服,衣着
※word消息,信息work工作homework家庭作业housework家务
改错:
1.Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.
ABCD
2.Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofABCD
joy.
3.Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!
ABCD
4.Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.
ABCD
5.Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.
ABCD
说明1:
部分抽象名词可与a(an)连用,此时词义发生变化,表示某种事或人。
这些词有:
surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。
当这类词在句中作表语(例3),作宾补(例4)及在介词as之后,词义发生变化,通常要加a/an。
说明2:
paper表示“纸”不可数。
表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。
四、名词的所有格
名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成,用于表示所属关系。
用于以下情况:
1)表示有生命的名词
mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks(儿童读物)students’rooms
2)表示国家、城市、地域的名词
China’spopulationBeijing’sweather
3)表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词
themoon’ssurfacetenyears’hardwork十年的辛劳
today’snewspapers20dollars’worthofastamp一张价值20美元的邮票
其他无生命的名词通常用“of+名词”的短语表示所属关系。
theobjectofthesentence句子的宾语
thetitleofthefilm影片的名字
五、名词的作用
1)名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。
Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.
主语宾语
Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.
宾语宾补
2)名词还作其他名词的前置定语,用于更准确说明某物的用途,性质,组成材料等。
ateacup茶杯acarnumber车牌号ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石桥
※※名词作定语必须用单数。
man,woman作定语,用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。
sport作定语,单复数形式均可。
amanteacher一个男教师tenwomendoctors十个女医生
asport(s)shirt运动衫thearmsrace武器竞赛(特例)
选:
ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn’tit?
A.birdhitcostB.birdshitcostsC.birdhitscostD.birdhitcosts
本题题义:
空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。
考查的是名词作定语。
名词作定语必须用单数,故可考虑的答案为A、C。
又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生,故选C。
六、学习名词,特别要注意的问题
1)准确把握词义,重视近义词的辩析
选:
Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.(2001年上海高考题)
A.sightB.sceneC.viewD.look
辩析:
sight1.看见2.视力3.视野4.风景
scene1.(事件发生的)现场2.场面;情景3.景色4.(拍电影)场景,(舞台)布置
view1.眺望2.视野3.风景,景色。
look1.看2.神色,表情looks=appearance外貌
本句意为:
住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一,是能清楚眺望到一切。
故本题答案为C。
近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查,是重点热点之一。
2)正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则
选:
1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.
A./;aB.the,/C./,/D.the,the
2.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofdifferentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.
A.the;aB.不填;aC.the;theD.不填;the
名词练习
1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.
A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experience
C.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience
2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.
A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space
3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?
A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift
4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.
A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage
5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.
A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took
6.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.
A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.sea
7.Onlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.
A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof
8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.
A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt
9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.
A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuables
10.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.
A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirown
11.Whenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.
A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin
12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.
A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess
13.---IsMrSmithin?
---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.
A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks
14.-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.
----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.
A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishes
C.TomandJane’s;likesD.Tom’sandJane’s;want
15.________MrWanghas!
Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.
A.WhatapoormemoryB.Whatpoormemory
C.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory
16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.
A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effecton
C.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton
17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.
A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength
18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.
A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studying
C.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying
19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.
---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.
A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder
20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.
A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents
21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.
A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.sense
22.Manystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.
A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslength
23.Hisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.
A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity
24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.
A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise
25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.
A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime
26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.
A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother
27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.
A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle
28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.
A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need
29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.
A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire
30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.
A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzle
31.JacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.
A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance
32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.
A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular
33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.
A.shapeB.modelC.designD.size
34.Itisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.
A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation
35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.
A.Gate21B.21stGateC.theGate21D.21Gate
36.----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?
-----Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.
A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyevening
C.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening
37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.
A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress
38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.
A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought
39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.dec