GREISSUE主体段结束段精Word文档下载推荐.docx

GREISSUE主体段结束段精Word文档下载推荐.docx

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_A_______;

__B__________.

Cowardsdieonehundredtimesbeforetheirdeaths;

thevaliantnevertasteofdeathbutonce.

__A__________,whereas_B_______.

Thosewholovebeautifulthingsaredeeplyasleepwhereasthosewholovebeautyarewildlyawake.

__A____________,while_B______.

TheAmericaneducationalparadigmemphasizesreasoningandlogic,whiletheChineseeducationalstyleemphasizestheabilityofmemorizing.

__A__________,inviolentcontrastwithB,which/who___.

_____________________

____________________

Bycontrast/Incontrast/Bycomparison/Onthecontrary,______________.______.

Socrates/Plato/Aristotle

3.类比法

Ourbodiesarethegardenstowhichourwillsaregardeners.

__________________.___________.（简单的事例）.

Likewise/Similarly/Inlikemanner/Bythesametoken,_________.（复杂的，自己要论证的话题。

）

__________________（复杂的要论证的话题）.Thisissimilartothesituationof___,where_____________________.

4.数据论证／调查论证

____________,whichisunderlined/testified/substantiatedbyarecentsurvey,indicatingthat_________________.

Accordingtoarecentsurvey,_________.

Theresultofarecentsurveyrevealsthat_______________/lendsastrongsupporttotheclaimthat_____________.

5.举例法

普通人事例

名人名事

literature:

WilliamShakespeare:

Renaissance/Humanity;

humanistmethod/

Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirableinaction,howlikeanangelinapprehension,howlikeagod!

GeorgeOrwell－1984

bigbrothertotalitarianism

thoughtpolice/censorship

PoliticsandEnglishLanguage

WilliamFaulkner福克纳

Ibelievethatmanwillnotmerelyendure:

hewillprevail.Heisimmortal,notbecausehealoneamongcreatureshasaninexhaustiblevoice,butbecausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassionandsacrificeandendurance.

Freud:

Conscious/unconscious（libido）

OedipusComplex

Maslow-Hierarchyofneeds

Behaviorism

stimulus-response-reward–habit

mentalism

intellectuals

BertrandRussell:

HowtoGrowOld

WhatIHaveLivedfor

TheProblemofChina

NoamChomsky:

linguist

乔姆斯基

speakthetruthandunveiltheliesofthegovernment

Responsibilitiesofintellectuals

Chomsky:

IdeasandIdeals（NeilSmith）

Socrates/Plato/Aristotle

Knowthyself

Academy

Socraticdialectic:

allthetruthcanonlybegainedthroughdialogues;

themoreyoudiscusswithothers,thecloseryouaretotruth.

Platoisdeartome;

butstilldeareristruth.

deduction/deductivemethod

induction/inductivemethod

scholar

manofletters

talent

psychoanalysis

假设事例

If_______

Imagine_____.

Assume______.

Suppose,forexample,______.

_________,whichcanbeexemplifiedbythecaseof_____.

Numerousscholarscouldbecitedtoexplainthisclaimand______isacaseinpoint.

Whilesuchcasesarerare,theydooccuroccasionallyandshedmanylightsonourunderstandingof_____.

Atypicalillustrationinvolves_____.

Toillustratethispoint,letusconsiderthecaseof_______.

6.名言谚语例证

（1）如果名言比较晦涩，应该解释（解释要有倾向性，论证自己

观点）

（2）明确说明名言论证了自己的观点。

______自己的观点________,whichisinlinewiththeremark

ofXX,____:

___（名言）_____.

AccordingtoXX,____,___________（名言）.

XXisrightinsayingthat___________（名言）.

Asaproverbgoes,_________（谚语）

Thisisanotherwayofsayingthat___（解释名人名言）__.

Thisremark,insightfulandthoughtprovoking,indicatesthat

___（解释）______.

结尾句：

Thus/Therefore/Consequently/Hence,____.

Thisindicatesthat___________.

Thislendssufficientsupporttotheviewthat_____________.

cohesion&

coherence

段落内部和段落之间的衔接手段

cohesive&

coherent

并列:

Foronething/Foranother

Ontheonehand/Ontheotherhand

递进:

Moreover/Inaddition/Ontopofthat/Furthermore

转折:

However/Nevertheless/But/Yet

类比：

Likewise/similarly/Inlikemanner/Analogously

因果:

Thus/Hence/therefore/consequently/accordingly/Adirectresultwillbethat________.Followingthis,

____.stem/arisefrom________

让步：

havingsaidthat

thatsaid/thatbeingsaid,_____

分论点发展

分层次：

individual/society/government/global（international）

分情况：

a.两分法：

适度／过度（极端）（危害：

采取措施／怎么办）

物质／精神（感性／理性）

主要矛盾／次要矛盾main/chief/major

individual/society/government国家

b.分不同情况考虑

分领域：

文化／教育／经济／历史／学术／科技／商业／政治／法律／媒体／个人行为

p47／

段落之间的承上启下句型

Inadditiontosuchfactorsas___and___,anothernoteworthyelementisthat______.

Notonly______,butalso_______.

Itis,inasense,notdifficulttofathomtheabovedimensionssuchas___and____,butonefactor,althoughsignificantly

noteworthy,mayescapeourattention:

_________.

Althoughitistruethat_________,_______.

While___________,anoverextensionofthisclaimmaygiverisetosomepotentialrisks.

Theabove____issignificantonlywhentheyareunderthecontrolof_____,andwhenitisoutofthecontrol,some

potentialrisksmayarise.

Despite/Notwithstandingtheabove____,therearesomeundercurrentsof____,if____________.

结尾段

要点：

立场＋论据

1。

以对issue原文的评价为基点

a.以反对为主的结尾

思路：

再次扼要指出原话中的错误；

总结自己全文的论据，得出结论。

Insum,thespeakeroverlookssomeessentialelementsandjumpstoahastyconclusionthat________.Ascrutinyof

theissuerevealsthatsuchfactorsas____,____and____shouldalsobetakenintoaccount,whichthenleadstoamore

rationalcorollarythat________.

Toconclude,aclaimabout___thatignores______ismisconceived.Inthefinalanalysis,arationalunderstandingof___shouldbebasedonabroaderperspectivewhichembracessuchkeyselementsas______,____and__________._________（承认issue中有道理的成分），but_________（自己的观点）

Itisfairlyclearthatthespeakerfailstorecognizethat______________.

Therefore,although______________（issue中有道理的地方）,oneshouldneverturnablindeyetosuchkeyfactorsas___,____,and____,foronlywiththemcanafullpictureof___behopefullypresented.

b.以赞成为主的结尾

issue中有道理的地方，并给出自己正文的论据。

指出还需要考虑的地方。

Tosumup,theaboveanalysisof_____supportstheassertionofthespeakerthat__________.Thatbeingsaid,anoverextensionofthisconclusionshouldbeprevented,orsomepotentialdangerssuchas_____mayoccur,thusunderminingtherationalityoftheassertion.

Overall,theassertionthat_________isfirmlygrounded,whichshedsmanylightson__________.Whilethisclaimisappreciated,italsoshouldbenotedthatsomeextremesituationssuchas____mayleadtoitspotentialvulnerability.Arationalperspective,then,istoembracethemajorpointsoftheassertionontheonehand,andtoresisttheseeminglyminorbutpotentiallyharmfulextremesituationsontheotherhand.

2.直接总结全文的论据和立场。

a.先立场，后论据。

Theaboveanalysisthusleadstotheconclusionthat__________________,because_______________________.

Toconclude,acorollaryoftheabove

analysisisthat______________.

_________________.（论据）.

b.先论据后立场

Thevexedissueslike_____inexorably/invariablyinvolvemulti-dimensions.Asfaras____isconcerned,aseriesofperspectives,suchas___,____and______,havetobetaken,whichleadtotheconclusionthat_______.Thatbeingsaid,thescenariothat_____,althoughseeminglyrare,shouldalsobeconsidered,sothatamorerationalunderstandingof___canbearrivedat.