语言学习知识补充练习进步Word文档格式.docx
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1.Bysayingthat"
languageisarbitrary"
wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand_______.
sounds
2.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist__________.
NoamChomsky
3.Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis_______.
prescriptive
IV.选择题
1.Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystem,humanlanguageis______.
A.stimulusfree
B.stimulusbound
C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol
D.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest
Answer:
A
2.____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics.
a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Bloomfieldd.JohnLyon
b
V.问答题
l.Islanguageproductiveornot?
Why?
Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative.Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality.Becauseofduality,thespeakercancombinethebasic
linguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences.Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage.
2.Commentonthefollowingstatement:
“Inlinguistics,‘language’onlymeanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation”.
Thisstatementisincorrect.Inlinguistics,"
language"
hasseverallayersofmeaning:
firstly,thewholeofaperson’slanguage,e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage;
secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e.g.scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;
thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity,e.g.theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;
lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"
referringtothecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalcommunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage.
3.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.
Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting.Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive.Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.
4.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'
sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'
sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
Saussure’slangueissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.
第二章语音学和音位学
1.narrowtranscription
Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthe“broadtranscription”----thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,andtheotheris“narrowtranscription”---thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsaccompaniedbythediacriticswhichcanhelpbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.
2.Illustratetheterm“allophone”withatleastoneappropriateexample.
Allophonesarethedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning.Forexample,inEnglish,thephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyin"
let"
"
play"
and"
tell"
.Thefirst/l/ismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating;
thesecond/l/ismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating;
andthethird/l/ismadebyraisingnotonlythefrontbyalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating.
II判断正误(TforTrueandFforFalse)
1./o/isamid-highfrontroundedvowel.
F.(/o/isamid-highBACKroundedvowel.)
2.Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect.
T.
III.填空题:
1.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare_____,_______,and_____.
pharynx,thenasalcavity,theoralcavity
2.Bythepositionofthe____partofthetongue,vowelsandclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.
highest.
3.____referstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound.
Assimilation.
4.Youarerequiredtofillintheblanksbelowabidingbytheinstancegivenbeforehand.
Example:
/p/:
voicedbilabialstop
/s/:
________________
/g/:
_______________
/tʃ/:
______________
/t/:
_______________
/f/:
_______________
voicelessalveolarfricative
voicedvelarstop
voicelessalveo-palatal/post-alveolaraffricate
/t/:
voiceddentalfricative
voicelesslabiodentalfricative
5.Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?
pat,penmore,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,heel,ten,men,pit,main,hit,eat,man
pat,fat;
pat,pit;
pit,hit;
pen,ten;
ten,men;
heat,eat;
heat,heel;
tape,tale;
bun,ban;
chain,main;
bell,bet;
meal,heel;
man,men,main.
1.Allsyllablescontaina(n)_______.
a.nucleus
b.coda
c.onset
a
2._____isoneofthesupersegmentalfeatures.
a.Stop
b.Voicing
c.Deletion
d.Tone
d
3.WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?
a.dentalstop
b.bilabialstop
c.alveolarstop
d.velarstop
4._____isnotanEnglishconsonant.
a.Labiodentalplosive
b.Alveolarnasal
c.Velarstop
d.Dentalfricative
V.辨音选择
1.Whatarethedistinctivefeaturesthatgroupthefollowingsoundsinthesesets?
1)/f,v,s/
2)/p,f,b/
3)/g,z,b/
4)/k,g,w/
5)/m,n,ŋ/
1)fricative2)obstruent3)voiced4)velar
5)nasal
2.Thereisonesegmentthatdoesnotbelongtothenaturalclassineachofthefollowinggroupsofspeechsounds.Youarerequiredtoidentifythatsegmentandlabelthenaturalclass,usingadescriptivetermasspecificaspossible.
a)/m/,/n/,/w/,/ŋ/
b)/v/,/w/,/z/,/t/
c)/n/,/f/,/l/,/s/,/t/,/d/,/z/
1)/w/isasemi-vowel,andtheothersareallnasals.
2)/t/isvoiceless,andtheothersarevoiced.
3)/f/islabiodental,andtherestarealveolar
VI.问答题
1.Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequired:
1)alowvowel:
pipe,gather,article,leave,cook
2)abilabialconsonant:
cool,lad,leap,bomb,push
3)anapproximant:
luck,boots,word,once,table
4)afrontvowel:
god,neat,pit,lush,cook
5)avelar:
god,fast,chat,lake,quick
2.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.
Firstly,a“phone”isaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesmayormaynotdistinguishmeaning.Secondly,a"
phoneme"
isaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound.Itisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thirdly,thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledits"
allophones"
.Howaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandombutrule-governedinmostcases.
3.Whenwearepronouncingthefollowingphrases,howdoweactuallyarticulatethe"
n"
soundintheword"
ten"
?
Dowestillpronounceitas/n/?
1)tenhouses2)tenteachers3)tencolleges4)tenpupils5)tenbuildings6)tenclasses
1)/n/
2)/n/
3)/ŋ/
4)/m/
5)/m/
6)/ŋ/
4.Howmanyfunctionsdothevocalcordshaveintheproductionofspeechsounds?
Theyhavethreefunctions:
tomakeaglottalstop,toproduceavoicedsoundandtoproduceavoicelesssound.
第三章形态学
1.morpheme