语言学习知识补充练习进步.docx

语言学习知识补充练习进步.docx

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语言学习知识补充练习进步

第一章语言学入门知识：

I.名词解释

1．culturaltransmission（asadefiningpropertyoflanguage）

Answer:

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Theyarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

2．descriptivelinguisticsvs.prescriptivelinguistics

Answer:

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Linguisticstudiesbeforethe204centuryarelargelyprescriptivewhereasmodemlinguisticismostlydescriptive.

II.判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）

1.Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformation,itservesaninformativefunction.

Answer:

F（Itservesaninterrogativefunction）.

2．Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.

Answer:

F（Theprimaryunitsinthesesystemscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.Sowhattheylackisthesecondarylevelofarticulation.）

3．Descriptivelinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguageswork,notwithhowtheycanbeimproved.

Answer:

T

III.填空题

1．Bysayingthat"languageisarbitrary",wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand_______.

Answer:

sounds

2．ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist__________.

Answer:

NoamChomsky

3．Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis_______.

Answer:

prescriptive

IV.选择题

1．Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystem,humanlanguageis______.

A.stimulusfree

B.stimulusbound

C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol

D.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest

Answer：

A

2.____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics.

a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Bloomfieldd.JohnLyon

Answer:

b

V.问答题

l.Islanguageproductiveornot?

Why?

Answer:

Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative.Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality.Becauseofduality,thespeakercancombinethebasic

linguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences.Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage.

2.Commentonthefollowingstatement:

“Inlinguistics,‘language’onlymeanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation”.

Answer:

Thisstatementisincorrect.Inlinguistics,"language"hasseverallayersofmeaning:

firstly,thewholeofaperson’slanguage,e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage;secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e.g.scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity,e.g.theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"language",referringtothecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalcommunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage.

3.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.

Answer:

Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting.Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive.Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.

4.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

Answer:

Saussure’slangueissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.

第二章语音学和音位学

I.名词解释

1．narrowtranscription

Answer:

Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthe“broadtranscription”----thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,andtheotheris“narrowtranscription”---thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsaccompaniedbythediacriticswhichcanhelpbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.

2.Illustratetheterm“allophone”withatleastoneappropriateexample.

Answer:

Allophonesarethedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning.Forexample,inEnglish,thephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyin"let","play"and"tell".Thefirst/l/ismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating;thesecond/l/ismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating;andthethird/l/ismadebyraisingnotonlythefrontbyalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating.

II判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）

1./o/isamid-highfrontroundedvowel.

Answer:

F.（/o/isamid-highBACKroundedvowel.）

2.Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect.

Answer:

T.

III.填空题：

1.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare_____,_______,and_____.

Answer:

pharynx,thenasalcavity,theoralcavity

2.Bythepositionofthe____partofthetongue,vowelsandclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.

Answer:

highest.

3.____referstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound.

Answer:

Assimilation.

4.Youarerequiredtofillintheblanksbelowabidingbytheinstancegivenbeforehand.

Example:

/p/:

voicedbilabialstop

/s/:

________________

/g/:

_______________

/tʃ/:

______________

/t/:

_______________

/f/:

_______________

Answer:

/s/:

voicelessalveolarfricative

/g/:

voicedvelarstop

/tʃ/:

voicelessalveo-palatal/post-alveolaraffricate

/t/:

voiceddentalfricative

/f/:

voicelesslabiodentalfricative

5.Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?

pat,penmore,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,heel,ten,men,pit,main,hit,eat,man

Answer:

pat,fat;pat,pit;pit,hit;

pen,ten;ten,men;

heat,eat;heat,heel;

tape,tale;

bun,ban;

chain,main;

bell,bet;

meal,heel;

man,men,main.

IV.选择题

1.Allsyllablescontaina（n）_______.

a.nucleus

b.coda

c.onset

Answer:

a

2._____isoneofthesupersegmentalfeatures.

a.Stop

b.Voicing

c.Deletion

d.Tone

Answer:

d

3.WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?

a.dentalstop

b.bilabialstop

c.alveolarstop

d.velarstop

Answer:

a

4._____isnotanEnglishconsonant.

a.Labiodentalplosive

b.Alveolarnasal

c.Velarstop

d.Dentalfricative

Answer:

a

V.辨音选择

1.Whatarethedistinctivefeaturesthatgroupthefollowingsoundsinthesesets?

1）/f,v,s/

2）/p,f,b/

3）/g,z,b/

4）/k,g,w/

5）/m,n,ŋ/

Answer:

1）fricative2）obstruent3）voiced4）velar

5）nasal

2.Thereisonesegmentthatdoesnotbelongtothenaturalclassineachofthefollowinggroupsofspeechsounds.Youarerequiredtoidentifythatsegmentandlabelthenaturalclass,usingadescriptivetermasspecificaspossible.

a）/m/,/n/,/w/,/ŋ/

b）/v/,/w/,/z/,/t/

c）/n/,/f/,/l/,/s/,/t/,/d/,/z/

Answer:

1）/w/isasemi-vowel,andtheothersareallnasals.

2）/t/isvoiceless,andtheothersarevoiced.

3）/f/islabiodental,andtherestarealveolar

VI.问答题

1．Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequired:

1）alowvowel:

pipe,gather,article,leave,cook

2）abilabialconsonant:

cool,lad,leap,bomb,push

3）anapproximant:

luck,boots,word,once,table

4）afrontvowel:

god,neat,pit,lush,cook

5）avelar:

god,fast,chat,lake,quick

2．Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.

Answer:

Firstly,a“phone”isaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesmayormaynotdistinguishmeaning.Secondly,a"phoneme"isaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound.Itisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thirdly,thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledits"allophones".Howaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandombutrule-governedinmostcases.

3．Whenwearepronouncingthefollowingphrases,howdoweactuallyarticulatethe"n"soundintheword"ten"?

Dowestillpronounceitas/n/?

1）tenhouses2）tenteachers3）tencolleges4）tenpupils5）tenbuildings6）tenclasses

Answer:

1）/n/

2）/n/

3）/ŋ/

4）/m/

5）/m/

6）/ŋ/

4．Howmanyfunctionsdothevocalcordshaveintheproductionofspeechsounds?

Answer:

Theyhavethreefunctions:

tomakeaglottalstop,toproduceavoicedsoundandtoproduceavoicelesssound.

第三章形态学

I.名词解释

1．morpheme