上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案解析Word文档格式.docx
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Universitiesshouldspendmoremoneyinimprovingfacilities(e.g.librariesandcomputerlabs)thanhiringfamousteachers.
作文字数要求为:
300字左右。
passage6
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;
bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.
Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;
therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:
urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.
1.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
[A]Typesofmasstransportation.
[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.
[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.
[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.
2.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?
[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.
[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.
[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.
[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.
3.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?
[A]Itwasexpensive.
[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.
[C]Itwasunplanned.
[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.
4.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity,
[A]thatislarge.
[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.
[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.
[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.
Passage5AntarcticaandEnvironment
Antarcticahasactuallybecomeakindofspacestation-auniqueobservationpostfordetectingimportantchangesintheworld’senvironment.Remotefrommajorsourcesofpollutionandthecomplexgeologicalandecologicalsystemsthatprevailelsewhere,Antarcticamakespossiblescientificmeasurementsthatareoftensharperandeasiertointerpretthanthosemadeinotherpartsoftheworld.
GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistant-early-warningsensor,wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.Onepromisingfieldofinvestigationisglaciology.ScholarsfromtheUnitedStates,Switzerland,andFrancearepursuingsevenseparatebutrelatedprojectsthatreflecttheirconcernforthehealthoftheWestAntarcticIceSheet-aconcerntheybelievetheworldatlargeshouldshare.
TheTransantarcticMountain,someofthemmorethan14,000feethigh,dividethecontinentintotwoverydifferentregions.Thepartofthecontinenttothe“east”ofthemountainsisahighplateaucoveredbyanicesheetnearlytwomilesthick.“West”ofthemountain,thehalfofthecontinentsouthoftheAmericasisalsocoveredbyanicesheet,buttheretheicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.IftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared,thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoasparseclusterofisland.
Whileiceandsnowareobviouslycentraltomanyenvironmentalexperiments,othersfocusonthemysterious“dryvalley”ofAntarctica,valleysthatcontainlittleiceorsnoweveninthedepthsofwinter.SlashedthroughthemountainsofsouthernVictoriaLand,thesevalleysonceheldenormousglaciersthatdescended9,000feetfromthepolarplateautotheRossSea.Nowtheglaciersaregone,perhapsacasualtyoftheglobalwarmingtrendduringthe10,000yearssincetheiceage.Eventhesnowthatfallsinthedryvalleysisblastedoutbyviciouswindsthatroarsdownfromthepolarplateautothesea.Leftbarearespectaculargorges,rippledfieldsofsanddunes,clustersofboulderssculpturedintofantasticshapesby100-mile-an-hourwinds,andanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation.
Despitetheunearthlyaspectofthedryvalleys,somescientistsbelievetheymaycarryamessageofhopeoftheverdantpartsoftheearth.Somescientistsbelievethatinsomecasesthedryvalleysmaysoakuppollutantsfasterthanpollutantsenterthem.
1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
[A]AntarcticaandenvironmentalProblems.
[B]Antarctica:
Earth’sEarly-Warningstation.
[C]Antarctica:
aUniqueObservationPost.
[D]Antarctica:
aMysteriousPlace.
2.WhatwouldtheresultbeiftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared?
[A]Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbedisappeared.
[B]Thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereduced.
[C]ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbecomescatteredIslands.
[D]ThewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoaclusterofIslands.
3.WhyaretheDryValleysleftbare?
[A]Viciouswindblaststhesnowaway.
[B]Itrarelysnows.
[C]Becauseoftheglobalwarmingtrendandfiercewind.
[D]Sanddunes.
4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
[A]The“DryValleys”havenothingleftinside.
[B]The“DryValleys”neverheldglaciers.
[C]The“DryValleys”maycarryamessageofhopefortheverdant.
[D]The“DryValleys”areuselesstoscientists.
5.themeaningofanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation我记得有一个选项中含有bleak这个单词,答案应该是这个
应译为:
与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。
Passage4
Nothingsucceedsinbusinessbookslikethestudyofsuccess.Thecurrentbusiness-bookboomwaslaunchedin1982byTomPetersandRobertWatermanwith“InSearchofExcellence”.Ithasbeenkeptgoingeversincebyasuccessionofgurusandwould-beguruswhopromisetodistiltheessenceofexcellenceintothree(orfiveorseven)simplerules.
“TheThreeRules”isaself-consciouscontributiontothistype;
itevenincludesabibliographyof“successstudies”.MessrsRaynorandMumtazAhmedworkforaconsultancy,Deloitte,thatisdeterminedtoturnitselfintomoreofathought-leaderandlessacorporaterepairman.Theyemployallthetricksofthesuccessgenre.Theyinsistthattheirconclusionsare“measurableandactionable”-guidetobehaviorratherthananalysisforitsownsake.Successauthorsusuallyserveupvividstoriesabouthowexceptionalbusiness-peoplestampedtheirpersonalitiesonacompanyorrescueditfromalife-threateningcrisis.MessrsRaynorandAhmedarehappierchewingthenumbers:
theyprovidedetailedappendiceson“calculatingtheelementsofadvantage”and“detailedanalysis”.
Theauthorsspentfiveyearsstudyingthebehaviouroftheir344“exceptionalcompanies”,onlytocomeupatfirstwithnothing.Everyhunch(直觉)ledtoablindalleyandeveryhypothesistoadeadend.Itwasonlywhentheyshiftedtheirattentionfromhowcompaniesbehavetohowtheythinkthattheybegantomakesenseoftheirvoluminousmaterial.
Managementisallaboutmakingdifficulttradeoffsinconditionsthatarealwaysuncertainandever-changing.Butexceptionalcompaniesapproachthesetrade-offswithtwosimplerulesinmind,sometimesconsciously,sometimesunconsciously.First:
betterbeforecheaper.Companiesaremorelikelytosucceedinthelongruniftheycompeteonqualityorperformancethanonprice.Second:
revenuebeforecost.Companieshavemoretogaininthelongrunfromdrivinguprevenuethanbydrivingdowncosts.
Mostsuccessstudiessufferfromtwofaults.Thereis“thehalo(光环)effect”,wherebygoodperformanceleadscommentatorstoattributeallmannerofvirtuestoanythingandeverythingthecompanydoes.Thesevirtuesthensuddenlybecomeviceswhenthecompanyfails.MessrsRaynorandAhmedworkhardtoavoidthesemistakesbystudyinglargebodiesofdataoverseveraldecades.Buttheyendupembracingadifferenterror:
statingtheobvious.Mostbusinesspeoplewillnotbesurprisedtolearnthatitisbettertofindaprofitableniche(缝隙市场)andfocusonboostingyourrevenuesthantocompeteonpriceandcutyourwaytosuccess.Thedifficultquestionishowtofindthatprofitablenicheandprotectit.There,TheThreeRulesislessuseful.
1.Whatkindofbusinessbooksaremostlikelytosellwell?
A)Booksonexcellence.C)Booksonbu