高考二轮课程英语 全国通用版 科普类阅读 教案Word文档格式.docx

高考二轮课程英语 全国通用版 科普类阅读 教案Word文档格式.docx

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推理判断题及主旨大意题的解题技巧

一、高考回顾

（2018，全国卷ID）

Wemaythinkwe'

reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.

Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration—Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.

Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'

tthrowoutouroldones."

Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids'

room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,"

saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We'

renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices—wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.

Sowhat'

sthesolution（解决方案）?

Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.

32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?

A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.

B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.

C.Theycostmoretouseathome.

D.Theygooutofstylequickly.

33.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?

A.Toreducethecostofminerals.

B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.

C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.

D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.

34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?

A.Thebox-setTV.

B.Thetablet.

C.TheLCDTV.

D.Thedesktopcomputer.

35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?

A.Stopusingthem.

B.Takethemapart.

C.Upgradethem.

D.Recyclethem.

【答案】32.A33.D34.B35.A

【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。

文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高，不环保。

所以作者主张使用新电子设备。

32.观点态度题。

根据文章第一段中的That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。

这些过时的设备最相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。

由此退职作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。

故选A。

33.细节理解题。

根据文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbitt’steam研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。

故选D。

34.细节理解题。

根据文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。

故选B。

35.推理判断题。

根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。

所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。

二、知识清单

科普类文章是英语考阅读理解中必不可少的题材，主要以介绍科学现象为主，结构严谨，逻辑性强，一般由导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主体（mainbody）和结尾（end）四部分构成，在句首和句尾常出现主题句，文中多会出现解释性、定义性、说明性等结构比较复杂的长难句，词汇不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点，且术语词汇相对比较难以理解。

三、例题精讲

例1（2018,浙江卷B）

StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof 

Stein'

sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.

Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收银台）.Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike 

Stein 

to 

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.

Amongthebagmakers'

argument:

manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers 

purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy 

produceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly 

lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall 

garbage 

onthegroundtoday

Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:

reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy 

make.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.

Environmentalistsdon'

tdispute（质疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers 

usethesamereusablebagsforyears.

24.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?

A.Helpincreasegrocerysales.

B.Recyclethewastematerial.

C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks.

D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.

25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?

A.Bansonplasticbags.

B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.

C.Headachescausedbygarbage.

D.Plasticbagshungintrees.

26.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?

A.Theyarequiteexpensive.

B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.

C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags.

D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.

27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Plastic,PaperorNeither

B.Industry,PollutionandEnvironment

C.RecycleorThrowAway

D.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl

【答案】24.D25.A26.D27.A

【解析】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。

24.细节理解题。

根据第一段oneof 

sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和第二段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike 

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用StevenStein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。

25.词义猜测题。

上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用StevenStein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。

headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bansonplasticbags，故选A。

26.细节理解题。

根据第四段However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy 

make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。

27.标题归纳题。

文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。

对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。

【易错点】

掌握概括主旨的方法。

先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括（如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题。

小题4要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。

对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。

例2（2018，天津卷C）

There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:

food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.

Foodproduction

Witha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.

Sustainability（可持续性）

Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解胶体）fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae（藻类）andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients（烹饪原料）.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"

food"

thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.

Nutrition

Future3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”

Challenges

Despiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste（糊状物）beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.

46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?

A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.

B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.

C.Itimprovesthecook