如何能确定论文设计题目Word格式文档下载.docx

如何能确定论文设计题目Word格式文档下载.docx

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对这个题目你应该已有一些想法，而这些想法值得你去进一步探讨、研究，进而将其扩展为一篇论文。

2.阅读与思考

应该尽量多读书，以求得到自己所需要的资料。

在阅读的过程中还要不断地给自己提出问题：

你头脑中的那个题目是否已有人做过较为深入的探讨？

你是否能从新的角度、新的侧面来进一步拓展此题目，提出有创见性的论点？

如果你的回答是肯定的，你就可以迈出下一步。

否则，你就应该及时地放弃这个题目。

3．缩小题目范围

将题目的范围缩小到某几个方面，使其有可能成为一篇论文的题目。

4.确定最后的题目

最后选定的题目应符合以下几项要求：

1）选定的题目本身应该是有意义的，而且是严肃的。

你的分析必须有见地、有深度。

一篇科研论文应该能引起读者的思考，应该使读者读后有所收获。

2）选定的题目应该是你力所能及的。

3）选定的题目应该有足够的资料供参阅。

论文中所表述的观点或看法应该建立在对各种资料的分析的基础之上。

如果你只能找到一两本或一两篇与你的论文题目有关的书籍或文章，如果你只是从这一点资料中得出结论，那么你所做出的结论很可能依据不足。

4）选定的题目应该是可供客观研究使用的。

5）选题不应该是当前最热门却又无法下定论的题目。

如果你选定的题目太大，无法写深写透，你就应该设法缩小它的范围，为自己的论文找到一个恰当的焦点。

选题的过程是一个从大题目中发现小题目的过程。

举例说明：

General:

TheAmericanCivilWar

Restricted:

CausesoftheVictoryoftheNorth

Morerestricted:

TheSupportGiventotheUnionArmybythePeople

Thetopicchosen:

BlackSoldiersintheUnion

ElizabethanDrama

Shakespeare’sTragedies

Hamlet

OnHamlet’sInsanity

二、收集资料

论文题目确定之后，紧接着的一步便是收集资料。

收集资料应当贯穿整个论文写作过程。

1．使用图书馆，列出阅读书单

2．阅读

3．做笔记

4.Acknowledgeyoursources.Avoidplagiarism.

三、分析资料、构思、制定提纲

1．确定论点

收集到足够的资料以后，下一步就是要把这些资料组合成一个统一而联贯的整体，同时要为自己的论文提出论点。

一篇论文的论点通常是一句话，阐明论文作者对自己所研究的论题进一步定位定向的过程，从而确保自己在论文提纲的制定和论文的撰写过程中不偏离主题。

2．制定提纲

论文提纲主要有两种形式。

一种是短语提纲---提纲中的大小标题都用短语表述；

第二种是整句提纲---提纲中的大小标题都用完整的句子来表述。

整句提纲的表达可能更清楚些，因为它可以清楚地显示出你的论文是如何一步一步地接近你的结论的。

Theresearchpaperisbasedonasystematicinvestigationofmaterialsfoundinalibrary.Thissectionprovidesinstructionsaboutthewaytoassemblematerialsfromsourcesandtodocumentthemwithfootnotes.

Chooseasubjectwhichinterestsyou.Limitittomanageablesize.

Yoursubjectshouldallowyoutousethelibraryextensively,thinkforyourself,andcometoasignificantconclusionwhichwillbeofinteresttoyourreader.Aboveall,itshouldengageyourattentionsothatyouenjoyreadingandthinkingaboutitandwritingitupforothers.

Beginbychoosingageneralsubjectarea.

Ifyouhavelonghadaparticularinterest,itmaybeyourstartingpoint:

photography,perhaps;

orliterature;

orpainting;

orarchitecture.Ifnothingcomestomind,startwithalistofbroadareas,suchasthefollowing,decideononeyoulike,andthenfocusonalimitedaspectofit.

Limityoursubjectadequately.

Supposeyouhavechosenphotographyasyourgeneralarea.Afteralittlethoughtandreadingandalookatthecardcatalogofthelibrary,youwillseethatthisistoobroadatopicforonepaper.Soyoumaybeginbynarrowingittocolorphotography,oraerialphotography,orthehistoryofphotography.Anyofthesetopicscouldbefurtherrestricted:

forexample,"

TheEffectofColorPhotographyonAdvertising,"

or"

AerialPhotographyinWorldWarII,"

MatthewBrady:

PhotographeroftheCivilWar."

Stillfurtherlimitationmaybedesirable,dependingonthelengthofyourpaperandtheresourcesofyourlibrary.

Avoidinappropriatesubjects.

Bewareofsubjectshighlytechnical,learned,orspecialized.Onlyaspecialistcanhandlemodemtechniquesingeneticresearchorexperimentalpsychology.Avoidtopicsthatdonotleadtoawiderangeofsourcematerials.Ifyoufindthatyouareusingoneortwosourcesexclusively,thefaultmaybewithyourmethod_orwithyourtopic.Forexample,aprocesstopic（howtodosomething）doesnotlenditselftolibraryinvestigation.Insteadofwritingon"

HowtoSki,"

astudentmightharness,aninterestinskiingtoastudyoftheeffectofskiingonsomeindustryorregionintheUnitedStates:

Becomeacquaintedwiththereferencetoolsofthelibraryandusethemtocompileaworkingbibliography.

Certainguidestoknowledgeareindispensabletolibraryinvestigation.Fromthemyoucancompileaworkingbibliography,alistofpublicationswhichcontainmaterialonyoursubjectandwhichyouplantoread.Theitemsonthislistshouldhaveonlytheauthor'

sname,thetitle,andtheinformationyouneedinordertofindthesourceinthelibrary.

Locatesourcematerials,read,evaluate,andtakenotes.

Beforeyoubegintotakenotes,itisagoodideatodosomebroadpreliminaryreadinginanencyclopediaorinothergeneralintroductoryworks.Trytogetageneralview,akindofmapoftheterritorywithinwhichyouwillbeworking.

Theseheadingsmaynotbefinal.Youshouldalwaysbereadytodelete,add,andchangeheadingsasyoureadandtakenotes.Atthisstage,thefinalorderofheadings_theoutline-maybeneitherpossiblenornecessary.

Atanearlystageinresearchitisnotalwayspossibletoknowexactlywhatinformationisneeded.Photocopysomeofthelongestpassages,andthenyoucanstudythemanddigestthemduringthewritingofthefirstdraftofthepaper.Donotcopysomanypassagesthatyouleavetoomuchofthethinkinguntilthelastmoment,butmakeenoughduplicatestopreventconstantreturnstothesamebooksinthelibrary.

Whenwritingyourpaper,youmayeitherquotedirectly,orparaphrase.Quotingandparaphrasingmaybecombinedonasinglenotecard,asinthecardatthebottomofpage281.Itismostimportanttousequotationmarksaccuratelywhenwritingthenote,touseyourownwordswhennotquoting,andtotransferquotationsandquotationmarksfromcardtopaperwithscrupulouscare.

Anysinglecardshouldcontainnotesfromonlyonesource,andallthenotesonanysinglecardshouldbeaboutonesingletopic,suchasJamesThurber'

ssubjectsonthecardsabove.Thiswillgiveyoumaximumflexibilityinorganizingmaterialsastheplanofthepapertakesshape.Arrangethecardsbytopicbeforeyouwritethepaper.

Theaccuracyofyourpaperdependstoagreatextentontheaccuracyofyournotes.Indicateoneachcardthesource,thepagenumbers,andanappropriatesubjectheading.

Notetakingisnotameremechanicalprocess;

itinvolvesinterpretationandevaluation.Twopersonswritingonthesamesubjectandusingthesamesourceswouldnotbelikelytotakequitethesamenotes,andtheirpaperswoulddifferaccordinglyincontentandorganization.

Constructanoutline

Nostepinthewritingofaresearchpaperismoreimportantthantheworkingoutofagoodoutline.Thepurposeofanoutlineisnottoholdyourigidlytoapreconceivedformbuttoenableyoutothinkthroughyourtopicandorganizeitlogicallyandinterestinglybeforeyoubegintowrite.Writingtoosoonisthemostcommonofallflawsincomposingaresearchpaper.Theoutlinemaythereforebethemostimportantsinglestepintheprocess.Afteryouhaveworkedoutatentativeoutline,studyitcarefullytobesurethatyouhaveincludedallthemajorpointsyouwishtomakeandthatyouhavearrangedthemsothatyourdiscussionwillflowrationallyfromonetotheother.

Ifyouhavetakenthetimeandefforttocompleteafullandeffectiveoutline,youwillfindthatthewritingofthepaperitselfwillgomuchquickerandsmootherandthattheresultwillbeaunifieddiscussion.Seethemodeloutlineonpage297.

Acknowledgeyoursources.Avoidplagiarism.

Acknowledgeyourindebtednesstoothersbygivingfulldetailsofsourcesinfootnotesandbibliography.Usingothers'

wordsandideasasiftheywereyourownisaformofstealingcalledplagiarism.

Someoftheprinciplesofquotingandparaphrasinghavealreadybeendiscussedunderthetopicoftakingnotes（48d）.Theymustbekeptinmindduringthewritingandrevisionofthepaper.Finally,quotationsandparaphrasesshouldbecarefullycheckedforaccuracyafterthepaperiswritten.

Alldirectquotationsmustbeplacedinquotationmarksandacknowledgedinyourtext.

Ifyouarewritingadocumentedpaper,specificdetailsofthecitationmustbecompletedinafootnote.Evenwhenyoutakeonlyaphraseorasingleunusualwordfromapassage,youshouldencloseitinquotationmarks.Youmayquotewords,phrases,clauses,sentences,orevenwholeparagraphs.Generallyyoushouldquoteasentenceoraparagraphonlywhenawriterhasphrasedsomethingespeciallywellandwhenyouneedtosupplyalltheinformationgiven.Donotquoteexcessively.Asequenceofquotationsstrungtogetherwithafewwordsofyourownisnotsatisfactory.Excessivequotingindicatesthatyouhavenotproperlydigestedyoursources,thoughtabouttheideas,andlearnedtoexpresstheminyourownwordsandtorelatethemtoyourownideas.

Allparaphrasesandcitationsmustbeacknowledged.

Creditasourcewhenyouciteideasorinformationfromitevenwhenyoudonotquotedirectly-Alteringthewordingdoesnotmakethesubstanceyours.Anacknowledgmentnotonlygivespropercreditbutalsolendsauthoritytoyourstatement.Wheneveryouconsultasourceoranotecardasyouwrite,youareprobablyparaphrasing,andyouprobablyneedanacknowledgment.

Inparaphrasingyouareexpressingtheideasofanotherwriterinyourownwords.Agoodparaphrasepreservesthesenseoftheoriginal,butnottheform.Itdoesnotretainthesentencepatternsandmerelysubstitutesynonymsfortheoriginalwords,nordoesitretaintheoriginalwordsandmerelyalterthesentencepatterns.Itisagenuinerestatement.Invariablyitshouldbebrieferthanthesource.Intheexamplebelow,noticethedifferencebetweenasatisfactoryandanunsatisfactoryparaphrase:

Ifthesourcehasstatedtheideamoreconciselythanyoucan,youshouldquote,notparaphrase.

Donotmakeuseofextendedparaphrases.Ifagoodmanyofyourparagraphsaresimplylongparaphrases,yourreaderwillassumethatevenyourorganizationistakenfromsomeoneelse,concludingthatyouhavenotassimilatedyourmaterialsandthoughtindependentlyaboutthem_inshort,thatyouhavenotdoneanacceptablepieceoforiginalwork.