会计概念英文名词解释Word文档格式.docx
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Gain–increaseinequityresultingfromsellingassetsorrecognizingtheincreaseinvalueofassets(ordecreaseinvalueofliabilities);
itismeasuredonanetbasisasthepositivedifferencebetweencurrentvalueandamountrecordedonthebalancesheet.
Loss–decreaseinequityresultingfromsellingassetsordecreaseinvalueofassets(orincreaseinvalueofliabilities);
itismeasuredonanetbasisasthenegativedifferencebetweencurrentvalueandamountrecordedonthebalancesheet.
Accountingperiod-thetimeperiodbetweenconsecutivebalancesheetsforwhichafirmpreparesanincomestatementandstatementofcashflows(e.g.,anannualreporthasa12-monthaccountingperiodandaquarterlystatementhasa3-monthaccountingperiod).
b.Elements:
Sales-revenuefromsellinggoodsorprovidingservicestocustomers,whichisreportedasthetoplineontheincomestatement.
CostofGoodsSoldorCostofSaleslabor,material,andoverheadcostsdirectlyrelatedtoprovidinggoodsorservices.
GrossProfitisthedifferencebetweenSalesRevenueandCostofGoodsSold,whichrepresentstheprofitthatisavailabletocoveralloftheotherexpensesontheincomestatement.
OperatingExpensesareexpensesrelatedtotheordinaryoperatingactivitiesofthefirmofprovidinggoodsorservicestocustomersorgainsandlossesrelatedtooperatingassetslikePPE.
OperatingProfitorIncomeequalsgrossprofitminusoperatingexpenses.
OtherNonoperatingRevenueandExpenseareitemsrelatedtoFINANCINGactivities(i.e.,interestexpense)andINVESTINGactivities(i.e.,interestincomeandgainsandlossesoninvestments).
IncomeBeforeTaxequalsoperatingprofitminusotherincomeandexpense.
TaxexpenseequalsaGAAPbasedmeasureofthegovernmentchargesonincome.
NetIncomeequalsincomebeforetaxminustaxexpense.
c.IncomestatementaccountsarecalledTEMPORARYACCOUNTSbecauseamountsaccumulateforadefinedperiodoftimeandarethenzeroedoutwhenthebalanceistransferredtoretainedearnings.Annualincomestatementamountsrepresentthetotalrevenuesorexpensesfora12monthperiodcalledthefiscalyear.
II.Balancesheet–“snapshot”ofassets,liabilities,stockholders’equityatapointintime
a.BasicDefinitions
Operatingcycle-averagetimeittakestogofromcashtogoodsandservicessoldtocustomersandthenbacktocashcollectedfromcustomers.
Asset:
resourcethefirmcontrolsbecauseofapasttransactionoreventthatprovidesexpectedfuturebenefits.
Currentasset:
assetafirmexpectstoconverttocash,sell,orconsumewithinthelongerofoneyearoranoperatingcycle.
Noncurrentasset:
assetnotclassifiedascurrent.
Liability:
creditor’sclaimsorobligationthatrepresentsaprobablefutureeconomicsacrificeofassetsorservicesbasedonapasttransactionorevent.
Currentliability:
obligationafirmexpectstopaywithinthelongerofoneyearoranoperatingcycle.
Noncurrentliability:
liabilitynotclassifiedascurrent.
Shareholders’equity:
measureoffinancingprovidedbyownersofthefirmthatcapturesowners’residualclaimonassetsofthefirmaftersatisfyingliabilities.
Retainedearnings:
cumulativenetincomeminusdividendsoverthelifeofthefirm.
Retainedearningsareasourceoffinancing.Whenearningsexceedthedividendspaidouttoshareholders,itincreasesequityortheowner’sclaimonthefirm.
ThereisNOTacorresponding“cashfund”intheassetsectionequaltothebalanceinretainedearnings.Changesinretainedearningsareafunctionofnetincomeanddividendsdeclared,whichmayormaynotcorrespondtochangesincash.
Dividends:
distributionofcashtotheownersofthefirm.
c.BalancesheetaccountsarecalledPERMANENTACCOUNTSbecausetheamountsaccumulateyearafteryear.Theendingbalancefromthepreviousyearbecomesthebeginningbalanceforthenextyear.Forexample,endingcashamountin2011willbethebeginningcashamountin2014,thatisthenadjustedfor2014inflowsandoutflowstodeterminethe2014cashamount.
d.Basicaccountingequation:
ASSETS=LIABILITIES+STOCKHOLDERS'
EQUITY
ThepowerfulimplicationisinvestmentsinassetscanbefinancedwitheitherDEBTorEQUITY!
Assetsareresourcesandliabilitiesandequityrepresenttheclaimsonthoseresources.
III.StatementofRetainedEarnings(includedinStatementofShareholders’Equity)presentsa“video”ofthechangeinretainedearningsfromnetincomeanddividendsduringtheperiod.
IV.StatementofCashFlows–“video”ofthesourcesandusesofcashoveraperiodoftimethatexplainsthechangeinthecashbalanceonthebalancesheet.
a.Operating–coreoperationsanditemsrelatedtomeasurementofnetincome
b.Investing-firmsINVESTinassetssoincludesassettransactions:
i.buyandsellpropertyplantandequipment
ii.buyandsellinvestments
c.Financing-firmsFINANCEwithdebtandequitysoincludesdebtandequitytransactions
i.borrowandpaybacknonoperatingdebt
ii.issueandrepurchasestock
iii.paydividends
d.Format
+NetOperatingCashFlow
+NetInvestingCashFlow
+NetFinancingCashFlow
=ChangeinCashforthePeriod
BeginningCashfromLastYear
+/-ChangeinCashforthePeriod
=EndingCashforThisYear
BalanceSheetAccountNameDefinitions
Anaccountaccumulatestheincreasesanddecreasesthatoccurforasingleitem.GAAPdoesnotprovideanall-inclusivelistofacceptableaccountnamessotheirusage
variesbyfirm.
Separateaccountsarereportediftheyare“material”orcrucialtounderstandingfirmperformance.Forexample,somefirmsdivideinterestrevenueandinterestexpenseintoseparateaccountswhileotherfirmscombinethemintoonenetaccount.
Youwillreceivecreditinexamsaslongasthenameispotentiallyusedinpracticeandaccuratelydescribesandcorrectlyclassifiesanaccountasasset,liability,orshareholders’equity.Itisacceptable,butnotrequired,tousemorespecificaccountnameslikeprepaidrentforprepaidexpense.
Thefollowinglistofaccountnamesarecommonlyused.
Assets:
Cash–currencyorbalancesincheckingaccounts,CDs,ormoneymarketaccountsavailabletomeetcurrentobligations.Highlyliquidshort-terminvestmentswithlessthan
90daystomaturityandlittleriskofvaluechangesarecalled"
cashequivalents"
and
includedinthecashaccount.
Short-terminvestmentormarketablesecurities–currentvalueofinvestmentsinanotherfirm’sdebtorequitysecuritiesthatcanbequicklysoldforcash.
Accountsreceivable–amountduefromcustomersforgoodsandservicesalreadydelivered.Grossaccountsreceivableistheamountowed.Net
accountsreceivableistheamountexpectedtobecollectedaftersubtractinganallowanceforuncollectibleaccounts.
Notesreceivable–amounttobereceivedfromanoutsideentityformalizedwithanoteorlendingagreementthatspecifiesinterestandpaymentterms.
Inventory–rawmaterials,workinprocess(productsstartedbutnotfinished),andfinishedgoodsavailableforsaletocustomers.
Prepaidexpenses–assetrecognizedwhencashpaidinadvanceofwhenfutureexpenseswillbeincurred.
Long-terminvestments–investmentsinbondsorequitysecuritiesexpectedtobeheldforthelong-term.
Property,plant,andequipment(gross)–originalcosttoobtainandputintoservicebuildings,land,andequipment.
Accumulateddepreciation–acontraoroffsettingaccountwiththecumulativeamountofthecostofproperty,plantandequipmentassignedtodepreciationexpense.
Property,plantandequipment(net)–originalcostminusaccumulateddepreciation.
Intangibleassets–itemslikepatentsandcopyrightsthatprovidefuturebenefitbutdonothavephysicalsubstance.Intangibleassetsareonlyrecognizedwhentheyarepurchasedfromanoutsidesource.Forexample,ifafirmpurchasesapatentfromanothercompanythecostisshownasanasset.However,ifafirmdoesresearchthatresultsinapatent,thoseresearchcostsareincludedinR&
Dexpenseandanassetisonlyrecognizedforthelegalandregistrationfeestoobtainthepatent.
Goodwill–purchasepriceofanacquiredcompanyminusthemarketvalueoftheidentifiableassetsminusliabilitiesofthatcompany.Themarketvaluesofbothtangibleandintangibleassetsareconsideredinthecalculationofidentifiableassets.GoodwillisONLYrecognizedwhenonecompanypurchasesanothercompanyatapremiumforthingslikefuturepotential,marketpower,andqualityofworkforcethatarenotconsidered“identifiableassets.”
Liabilities:
Accountspayable–amountowedtosuppliersforinventoryorothergoodsorservicespurchasedoncredit.
Otherpayablesoraccruedexpenses–amountsowedforexpensesthathavealreadybeenrecognizedlikeinterest,taxes,salaries,andrent.
Short-termloanspayableornotespayable–obligationsformalizedwithanoteorlendingagreementthatspecifyinterestandpaymenttermsandareduewithinthenextyear.
Current