全国高等教育自学考试Word文档格式.docx

全国高等教育自学考试Word文档格式.docx

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Inthispartofthetest,therearefivepassages.Aftereachpassage,therearefivequestionsfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandthenwritethecorrespondingletteronyourAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

Plantsandanimalsthathavebeenstudiedcarefullyseemtohavebuilt-inclocks．Thesebiologicalclocks，astheyarecalled，usuallyarenotquiteexactinmeasuringtime．However，theyworkprettywellbecausetheyare“reset”eachday，whenthesuncomesup．

Dopigeonsusetheirbiologicalclockstohelpthemfinddirectionsfromthesun?

Wecankeeppigeonsinaroomlitonlybylamps．Andwecanprogramthelightingtoproduceartificial“days”，differentfromthedayoutside．Afterawhilewehaveshiftedtheirclocks．Nowwetakethemfarawayfromhomeandletthemgoonasunnyday．Mostofthemstartoutasiftheyknowjustwhichwaytogo，butchooseawrongdirection．Theyhavepickedadirectionthatwouldbecorrectforthepositionofthesunandthetimeofdayaccordingtotheirshiftedclocks．

Itisknownandexperimentedthathomingpigeonscantelldirectionsbythesun．Butwhathappenswhentheskyisdarklyovercastbycloudsandnoonecanseewherethesunis?

Thenthepigeonsstillfindtheirwayhome．Thesameexperimenthasbeenrepeatedmanytimesonsunnydaysandtheresultwasalwaysthesame．Butonveryovercastdaysclock-shiftedpigeonsarejustasgoodasnormalpigeonsinstartingoutintherightdirections．Soitseemsthatpigeonsalsohavesomeextrasenseofdirectiontousewhentheycannotseethesun．

Naturally，peoplehavewonderedwhetherpigeonsmighthaveabuilt-incompass－somethingthatwouldtellthemaboutthedirectionsoftheearth’smagneticfield．Onewaytotestthatideawouldbetoseeifapigeon’ssenseofdirectioncanbefooledbyamagnetattachedtoitsback．Withastrongmagnetcloseby，acompasscannolongertelldirection．

Totesttheidea，agroupoftenpigeonshadstronglittlemagnetbarsattachedtotheirbacks．Anothergroupcarriedbrassbarsinsteadwhichwerenotmagnetic．Inanumberofexperiments，bothgroupsweretakenawayfromhomeandletgo．Onsunnydaysnoneofthemagnet-pigeonswasfooled．Theywerejustasgoodasthebrass-pigeonsinstartingoutintherightdirectiontowardhome．Oncloudy，overcastdays，however，withnosunthebrass-pigeonschosetherightdirection，butthemagnet-pigeonswereintrouble．Theylaterstartedoutindifferentdirectionsandactedcompletelylost．

Questions1-5arebasedonPassageOne．

1．Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheorganizationofthepassage?

A．Questionsareraisedfirstandthenexperimentstoanswerthemarecited．

B．opinionsaregivenfirstandthenevidencesagainstthemorequoted．

C．Statementscomefirstandexamplessupportingthemfollow．

D．People’slongheldbeliefsarecitedfirstandexceptionscomeafter．

2．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutbiologicalclocks?

A．Theyareusedbyallplantsandanimalstotelltime．

B．Pigeons’biologicalclocksareregulatedeverydaywiththesunrise．

C．Thebuilt-inbiologicalclockscannotbechanged．

D．Theygraduallydevelopedaspigeonsgrowmature．

3．Howcanpeopleshiftpigeons’biologicalclocks?

A．Bytrainingthemwhentheyareyoung．

B．Byminorandharmlessoperations．

C．Bytakingthemreallyfarawayfromhome．

D．Bykeepingtheminartificialdays．

4．Whichistrueaboutpigeons’findingdirections?

A．Withabrassonbacktheycanfinddirectionssooner．

B．Theycanfinddirectionsbetterthanotherbirds．

C．Theyusetheearth’smagneticfieldandthesuntofinddirections．

D．Theycanfinddirectionsonlytotheirhome．

5．Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybycitingthelastexperiment?

A．Onheavilycloudydays，pigeonsthatarenotwelltraineddonotfly.

B．Pigeonsusedifferentsourcestofinddirectionsondifferentweather.

C．Magneticfieldisanimportantsourceinhelpingpigeonstofinddirections.

D．Thelittlemagnetbarsmakeiteasierforpigeonstofinddirections．

PassageTwo

Insomeways,yes—butthedifferencesmattermore．Justashumanhistoryhasbeenshapedbytheriseandfallofsuccessiveempires，thecomputerindustryhas,inthefewdecadesofitsexistence，beendominatedbyonelargecompanyafteranother．Duringthemainframeera，IBMworethecrown．Butitfumbledthetransitiontosmallermachinesinthepersonal-computerera，andthethronewasusurpedbyMicrosoft．Now，atthedawnoftheneweraofInternetservices，Googleiswidelyseenastheheirtothekingdom．Astheupstarthasmaturedintoapowerfulindustrygiant，thesuggestionthat“GoogleisthenewMicrosoft”hasbecomecommonplaceincomputingcircles．Isittrue?

Thecomparisonisbothacomplimentandareproach．ItisacomplimentbecauseitimpliesthatGooglehasnowbecomethecompanythatdefinestheenvironmentinwhichothertechnologyfirmsoperate，justasIBMandMicrosoftoncedid．AswithMicrosoftinitsheyday，Googleisthetechnologyfirmwherethesmartestgeeksaspiretowork；

itembodiesthetechnologicalzeitgeist；

anditisahighlyregardedcompanythathasbecomeahouseholdname．Butthecomparisonisalsoareproach，becauseithighlightsgrowingconcernthatGoogleisnowtoopowerfulforitsowngood，orthatoftheindustry，orindeedthatoftheworldatlarge．

Formanypeople，GoogleprovidesthefrontdoortotheInternet．Formanyonlinebusinesses,theirpositioninitssearchranking—theworkingsofwhichareacloselyguardedsecret—isamatteroflifeordeath．ToomuchpoweristhusconcentratedinGoogle’shands，saycritics，includingMicrosoft’sBillGates．MicrosoftandotherbigInternetfirms，includingeBay，AmazonandYahoo，arenowsaidtobenegotiatingvariousalliancesinordertoprovideacounterweighttothenewbehemoth．Smallerfirmsfeelevenmorevulnerable．AssoonasGooglesaysitismovingintoaparticularmarket，smallfryinthatmarketnowdartforcover，unlesstheyareluckyenoughtobeacquiredbyGoogle．

YettherearesomecrucialwaysinwhichGooglediffersfromMicrosoft．Forastart，itisafarmoreinnovativecompany，anditsuseofsmall，flexibleteamshassofarallowedittoremaininnovativeevenasithasgrown．Microsoft，incontrast，hasstagnatedasaresultofitssizeanddominance．Itisleastinnovativeinthemarketsinwhichitfacestheleastcompetition—operatingsystems，officesoftwareandwebbrowsers—thoughitis，curiously，stillcapableofinnovatinginmarketsinwhichithasstrongrivals（notablyvideogaming）．

TrytoavoidusingMicrosoftsoftwareforaday，particularlyifyouworkinanoffice，andyouwillhavedifficulty；

butsurvivingadaywithoutGoogleisrelativelyeasy．Ithasstrongcompetitorsinallthemarketsinwhichitoperates：

search，onlineadvertising，mapping，softwareservices，andsoon．LargefirmssuchasYahoo，whichpreviouslyfarmedsearchesouttoGoogle，haveswitchedtoothertechnologies．Google’smarketshareinsearchhasfallenfromahighofaround80％toaround50％today．PerhapstheclearestevidencethatGoogle’scontinueddominanceisnotinevitableisthefateofAltaVista，theformertopdoginInternetsearch．Whoremembersittoday?

Questions6-10arebasedonPassageTwo．

6．ThecomparisonmadeamongIBM，MicrosoftandGooglesuggeststhat_____.

A．IBMisnolongeranimportantfirminthecomputerindustry

B．Microsofthasalwaysbeendominantinthecomputerindustry

C．Googleisgainingadominantpositionincomputingtechnology

D．itisnotvalidtomakeacomparisonbetweenthethreefirms

7．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutGoogle?

A．Googleiswidelyknownonlyincomputingcircles．

B．Googleisbeingcriticizedforbeingtoopowerful．

C．Googleisofvitalimportancetoonlinebusinesses．

D．GoogleislikelytoeplaceMicrosoftincomputerindustry．

8．ComparedwithMicrosoft,ogleissaidtobemore_____.

A．stagnateintechnologyB．inflexibleinstructure

C．ambitiousindevelopmentD．innovativeinmarket

9．Microsoftisfacingchallengesin_____.

A．operatingsystemB．officesoftware

C．webbrowsersD．videogaming

10．WhichisusedasanexampletopredictthelikelyfutureofGoogle’sInternetearch?

A．AltaVista．B．Yahoo．

C．eBay．D．Amazon．

PassageThree

Itissuchanoddrelationshipbetweenpeopleandpandas．WearesofondofthemthatwhentheChinesegovernmentlentapairtotheSanDiegoZooforsixmonths，thenumberofvisitorsincreasedsharply，andthezoosoldoverhalfamillionpandaT-shirts．WhenaPandawasborninTokyoZooin1986，thousandsofpeoplephoneddailytoheararecordingofthebaby’scry．

Althoughthereasonwelovepandasisnoteasytoexplain，animalscientistsoffersomeplausibletheories．Theysuggestthatparentinginstinctsarearousedbythecommoncharacteristicsofbabies：

roundfacesandsmalljaws．Pandas，eveninadulthood，displayalloftheseinterestingfeatures．

Untilrecently，however，itseemednearlycertainthatthismuch-lovedcreaturewasdestinedtodieout．Evennowthegiantpandanumbersfewerthan1000inashrinkingwildernessinonesmallareainChina，anuntimelyendfortheworld’smostbelovedwildspeciesmaystillbeavoidable．“It’seasytosavethepanda，”saysGeorgeSchaller，theNewYorkZoologicalSociety’spandaexpertandaworldrenownedzoologist．“Allitneedsisbambooandpeace．”

Wildlifeexpertshaverecommendedsomebasicstepstohelp．AdetailedplanfortheprotectionofpandahasbeendrawnupbytheWildlifeFund，incooperationwiththeChineseMinistryofForestry．Theplancallsfora70％increaseinthepandapreserveatacostof