一种新的衡量情绪识别能力的测验松本和艾克曼的日本人与高加索人的短暂表情识别测验 毕业论文外文翻译Word下载.docx

一种新的衡量情绪识别能力的测验松本和艾克曼的日本人与高加索人的短暂表情识别测验 毕业论文外文翻译Word下载.docx

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Kleck,1970;

Levy,1964;

Zuckerman,Hall,DeFrank,&

Rosenthal,1976;

Zuckerman,Larrance,Hall,DeFrank,&

Rosenthal,1979）,self-monitoring（Mill,1984;

Mufson&

Nowicki,1991;

Riggio&

Friedman,1982）;

socialdesirability（Cunningham,1977）;

depression,control,aggression,andgregariousness（Toner&

Gates,1985）;

andsocialstyle,mentalability,achievement,andpsychologicalmindedness（LeRoux,1987）.Ontheother

hand,Cunningham（1977）failedtoreplicatearelationshipbetweenself-monitoringandERA,andZuckermanetal.（1979）foundarelationshipforwomenbutnotmen.Buck,Savin,Miller,andCaul（1972）foundarelationshipbetweenERAandextraversion,asdidZuckermanetal.（1979）.Cunningham（1977）,however,didnotreplicatethesefindings,andinsteadfoundarelationshipwithneuroticism.

Theoretically,itisnotunreasonabletoconsiderthatERAshouldberelatedtostablepersonalitytraits.Individualswhoarebetteratjudgingemotionsinothersshouldhavegreaterdegreesofinterpersonalconsciousnessorconcern;

theyshouldbemoreintunewiththeirenvironment,andwithothers.Asanimportantcomponentofournonverbalcommunicationsystem,suchskillswouldbenecessaryforsuccessfuladaptationandmanipulationoftheenvironment,ensuringthestabilityandintegrityoftheself.

BecauseERAisanimportantpartofourdailylives,itiseasytoconsiderhowit

shouldberelatedtovariouspersonalityconstructs,suchasthosespecifiedinthefivefactormodel.Extraversion,forexample,isassociatedwithstimulationseekingfromothersandtheenvironment.Assuch,extravertsshouldbemorewillingtotakeindataconcerningtheemotionsofothers,beingmoreinterpersonallyconsciousofothersintheenvironment.Individualswhoscorehighonneuroticism,however,tendtobeemotionallyavoidant;

becausetheyarepronetoexperiencenegativeemotions,theyshouldhaveatendencytoavoidtherecognitionandawarenessofothers’emotions.Thepersonalityconstructofopennessissimilartoextraversioninthesensethatopenindividualstendtobecuriousandinterestedinstimulation;

theyshouldbemoreattendanttotheemotionsofothers.Conscientiousnessisrelatedtocooperationwithandattendingtoothers;

conscientiousindividualsaremorethorough,reliable,andefficient.Theyshouldbebetteratrecognizingemotionsbecausetheyaremoreattentivetodetails,andarebetterabletoparticipateinsuchemotionjudgmenttasks.WhyhavepreviousattemptstoestablisharelationshipbetweenpersonalityandERAbeenawashwithcontradictoryfindings?

Onepossiblereasonisthestimuliusedinpreviousstudies,whichweredifferentineachstudyandthusnotequivalentacrossthestudiesnor,asBrunerandTagiuri（1954）suggested,didtheycoverarepresentativespectrumofemotionalexpressions（LeRoux,1987）.Anotherpossiblereasonisthefactthat,withonlyoneexception（LeRoux,1987,but

thesedataarenotpublished）,manypreviousstudiesusedmeasuresspecificallygene-ratedineachstudyratherthanaccepted,standardizedtests.Thisdistinctionisimportant（O’Sullivan,1982）,becausethereisnoguaranteethataccuracyjudgments

weremadeagainstavalidstandard.

Ifastandardizedtestwereavailable,datacouldbegeneratedusingavalidstandard,andthesametestcanbeusedacrossstudies.Attheveryleast,inconsistenciesinthenatureofthestimulicouldberuledoutasapossiblemoderatorofthecontradictions.

PreviousTestsofERA

Therehasbeenanumberofsuchtestsdevelopedinthepast,eachassessingsomeaspectofERA（anditscloserelative,nonverbaldecodingskills,）1buteachwithitsownlimitations（seereviewbyO’Sullivan,1982）.Somefocusonnonverbalbehaviors,suchastheProfileofNonverbalSensitivity（PONS:

Rosenthal,Hall,DiMatteo,Rogers,&

Archer,1979）,theSocialSkillsInventory（SSI:

Riggio,1986）,theSocialInterpretationsTest（Archer&

Akert,1977）,andtheDiagnosticAnalysisofNonverbalAccuracyScale（DANVA:

Nowicki&

Duke,1994）.But,thesedonotfocusontherecognitionofdiscreteemotionalstates.Othertestsfocusmorecloselyonemotion,suchastheCommunicationandReceptionofAffectTest（CARAT:

Buck,1976）,theTestofEmotionStyles（TES:

Allen&

Hamsher,1974）,theUnderstandingourFeelingstest（Elmore,1985）,theFeldsteinAffectJudgmentTest（Wolitzky,1973）,theAffectiveCommunicationTest（Friedman,Prince,Riggio,&

DiMatteo,1980）,andtheContextualandAffectiveSensitivitytest（CAST:

Trimboli&

Walker,1993）.But,thesearealsoquestionablebecauseofthelackofvalidityoftheexpressionsusedtoportrayemotion,theabilitytoproducespecificscoresondiscreteemotions,orthelackofbalancewithinthetesttoportrayencodercharacteristics（e.g.,sex,race）equally.

Theuseoffacialexpressionsofemotionthatareuniversallyrecognizedwouldaddressoneconcern.Thedataassociatedwithexpressionsofanger,contempt,disgust,fear,happiness,sadness,andsurpriseprovidesufficientevidenceoftheirexternalvaliditytoportrayaccuratelyandreliablythesediscreteemotionalstates.

Infact,somestudieshaveusedtheseexpressionsasmeasures（e.g.,Matsumoto,1989,1992）.But,whiletheyaddresssomeconcerns,oneartifactoftheiruseisthe

highagreementlevelinjudgments,whichprecludesthemeasurementofindividualdifferences.

Thereareatleastthreewaystoaddresstheissueofhighagreementlevels:

（1）reduceimagesize,

（2）distorttemporaland/orspatialresolution,or（3）increasepresentationspeed.Ekman,Brattesani,O’Sullivan,andFriesen（1979）exploredthefirstmethod,usingtwocamerastovideotapenursesduring“honest”and“dishonest”interviews.Onecameraprovidedthe“smallface”conditioninwhichtheimagesizewasone-fifththeareaofatypicalhumanface.Theothercameraprovidedthe“largeface”conditioninwhichtheimagesizewastwicethearea.Imagesizedidnotaffectjudgmentsaboutthenurses’affectivestates.Ekmanetal.（1979）concluded“facialactionsprovideconsistentinformationdespiteconsiderablesizereduction”（p.61）.

Wallbott（1992）examinedthesecondmethod,usingaseriesofvideotapedsequencesdevelopedbyScherer（1986）thatdepict14emotionalstates,anddistortedeitherspatialresolution（pixelresolution—thenumberofpointsorsquaresconstitutingavideoframe）ortemporalresolution（refreshmentrate—thenumberofframestransmittedpersecond）.Althoughrecognitionratesdecreasedasdistortionincreased,mostrecognitionratesstillremainedabovechancelevels.Thestimuliused,however,didnotmeetindependentcriteriaforvalidity.

Thethirdmethodistopresentthestimuliatsuchfastspeedsthatjudgmentaccuracyiscompromised.EkmanandFriesen’s（1974）BriefAffectRecognitionTask（BART）wascreatedinthismanner.Itinvolvesverybrief（under1/5s）presentationsoffacialstimuli,basedonEkmanandFriesen’s（1969）observationofmicro-momentaryexpressionsthatoccuralmostoutsideofconsciousawareness,andhasbeenusedtoassessindividualERA（Ekman&

Friesen,1974;

Mufson&

Nowicki,1991）.Oneproblem,however,isthatfacialphysiognomyandposersexarenotbalancedacrossemotions;

anotheristheproductionofafterimagesthataffectjudgments.

MatsumotoandEkman’s（1988）JapaneseandCaucasianFacialExpressionsofEmotion（JACFEE）addressesthelimitationoftheexpressionsusedinEkmanandFriesen’s（1974）BART,andimprovesontheminseveralways.First,itincludesequalnumbersofposersoftwovisiblydifferentethnicgroups,andofmalesand

femaleswithineachgroup,foreachofthesevenuniversalemotions.Second,thefaceswerescoredusingEkmanandFriesen’s（1978）FacialActionCodingSystem

（FACS;

reliability.91）toverifythatthesameexpressionswereshownacrossposersw