国际经济学总结Word文件下载.docx
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●特定要素模型中，国际贸易通常影响各国内部的收入分配，所以贸易中有得益者也有受损者。
●每个国家出口部门特定要素的拥有者从贸易中获利，而与进口产品竞争的部门的特定要素的拥有者受损。
流动要素的拥有者可能受益也可能受损。
●当贸易获益者补偿受损者的损失后有利可图时，可以认为贸易从整体上带来了收益。
●产生收入分配效应差异的原因有两个:
●生产要素不能迅速地、无成本地从一个生产部门转移到另一个生产部门。
●一个国家产品组合的变化对不同生产要素需求影响不同。
●1.Tradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners,whatisyouropiniononOptimalTradePolicyChinaandreputationof“worldfactory”
●Howdotheoutputsofthetwogoodschangewhentheeconomy’sresourceschange?
●RybczynskiTheorem（effect）:
●Ifafactorofproduction（TorL）increases,thenthesupplyofthegoodthatusesthisfactorintensivelyincreasesandthesupplyoftheothergooddecreasesforanygivencommodityprices.
▪Thereverseisalsotrue.
●DifferencebetweenthespecificfactorsmodelandtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelintermsofincomedistributioneffects:
●Thespecificityoffactorstoparticularindustriesisoftenonlyatemporaryproblem.
●Example:
Garmentmakerscannotbecomecomputermanufacturesovernight,butgiventimetheU.S.economycanshiftitsmanufacturingemploymentfromdecliningsectorstoexpandingones.
●Incontrast,effectsoftradeonthedistributionofincomeamongland,labor,andcapitalaremoreorlesspermanent.
●Factor-PriceEqualizationTheorem:
●Internationaltradeleadstocompleteequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrosscountries.
●Itimpliesthatinternationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.
●Threeassumptionscrucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue:
●Bothcountriesproducebothgoods
●Bothcountrieshavethesametechnologiesinproduction
●Bothcountrieshavethesamepricesofgoodsduetotrade
●Onethingthefactor-priceequalizationtheoremdoesnotsayisthatinternationaltradewilleliminateorreduceinternationaldifferencesinpercapitaincomes.
●Leontiefparadox
●LeontieffoundthatU.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports,eventhoughtheU.S.isthemostcapital-abundantcountryintheworld.
●EmpiricalevidenceontheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelhasledtothefollowingconclusions:
●Ithasbeenlesssuccessfulatexplainingtheactualpatternofinternationaltrade.
●Ithasbeenusefulasawaytoanalyzetheeffectsoftradeonincomedistribution.
●赫克歇尔-俄林模型，是一个两产品、两要素的模型，它强调了资源禀赋在贸易中起到的作用。
●劳动密集型产品相对价格的上升会使收入分配急剧地向有利于劳动工人的方向转变。
●在给定产品价格下，生产要素的增加会使密集使用该要素的产品供给增加，其它不密集使用该要素的产品供给减少。
●赫克歇尔-俄林模型预期会出现以下的贸易模式:
一个国家会出口密集使用该国充裕要素的产品，会进口密集使用该国稀缺要素的产品。
●一国充裕要素的所有者会从贸易中获益，而稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损。
●由于各国之间资源禀赋、生产技术上的巨大差异以及贸易壁垒的存在，要素价格的完全均等化不存在。
●对赫克歇尔-俄林模型的实证检验结论不统一,大多数研究者认为，资源禀赋的差异不能很好的解释国际贸易模式或世界要素价格。
●Discussingtopic:
HollandillsandnewRybczynskieffectinChina?
标准贸易模型
●Previoustradetheorieshaveemphasizedspecificsourcesofcomparativeadvantagewhichgiverisetointernationaltrade:
●Differencesinlaborproductivity（Ricardianmodel）
●Differencesinresources（specificfactorsmodelandHeckscher-Ohlinmodel）
●Thestandardtrademodelisbuiltonfourkeyrelationships:
●Productionpossibilityfrontierandtherelativesupplycurve
●Relativepricesandrelativedemand
●Worldrelativesupplyandworldrelativedemand
●Termsoftradeandnationalwelfare
Indifferencecurves
Theyhavethreeproperties:
●Downwardsloping
●Thefartherupandtotherighteachlies,thehigherthelevelofwelfaretowhichitcorresponds
●Eachgetsflatteraswemovetotheright
●ThemovefromD1toD2reflectstwoeffects:
●Incomeeffect
●Substitutioneffect
●TheWelfareEffectofChangesintheTermsofTrade
●Termsoftrade
●Thepriceofthegoodacountryinitiallyexportsdividedbythepriceofthegooditinitiallyimports.
●Ariseinthetermsoftradeincreasesacountry’swelfare,whileadeclineinthetermsoftradereducesitswelfare.
●Iseconomicgrowthinothercountriesgoodorbadforournation?
●Itmaybegoodforournationbecauseitmeanslargermarketsforourexports.
●Itmaymeanincreasedcompetitionforourexporters.
●Isgrowthinacountrymoreorlessvaluablewhenthatnationispartofacloselyintegratedworldeconomy?
●Itshouldbemorevaluablewhenacountrycansellsomeofitsincreasedproductiontotheworldmarket.
●Itislessvaluablewhenthebenefitsofgrowtharepassedontoforeignersratherthanretainedathome.
●Biasedgrowth
●Canoccurfortworeasons:
●Technologicalprogressinonesectoroftheeconomy
●Increaseinacountry’ssupplyofafactorofproduction
InternationalEffectsofGrowth
●Export-biasedgrowthintherestoftheworldimprovesourtermsoftrade,whileimport-biasedgrowthabroadworsensourtermsoftrade.
●Export-biasedgrowthinourcountryworsensourtermsoftrade,reducingthedirectbenefitsofgrowth,whileimport-biasedgrowthleadstoanimprovementofourtermsoftrade.
●Relativeworlddemandforgoodsmayshiftbecauseof:
●Changesintastes
●Changesintechnology
●Internationaltransfersofincome
●TariffsandExportSubsidies
●TheInternationalDistributionofIncome
●IfHome（alargecountry）imposesatariff,itswelfareincreasesaslongasthetariffisnottoolarge,whileForeign’swelfaredecreases.
关税使贸易条件改善
●IfHomeoffersanexportsubsidy,itswelfaredeteriorates,whileForeign’swelfareincreases.出口补贴使贸易条件恶化
Metzlerparadox
关税和出口补贴会对一个国家的国内价格产生相反影响的可能性
●标准贸易模型提供了一个分析一系列国际问题的框架，认为传统贸易模型是该模型的特例。
●一国的贸易条件是由国际相对供给曲线和相对需求曲线的交点决定的。
●经济增长通常是偏向型的。
出口（进口）偏向型增长会恶化（改善）贸易条件。
改变世界相对供给曲线
●国际收入转移如果改变国际相对需求就会影响一国的贸易条件。
●进口关税和出口补贴会同时影响相对供给和相对需求，会对国内收入分配产生严重影响。
●出口补贴的贸易条件效应会损害出口国而使其他国家受益，而进口关税的效应则相反。
（关税收益、补贴受损）
themoreandmoreexpensiveofimportofironoreinChina?
●Twokindsofbehaviorariseinthegeneraloligopolysettingthatareexcludedbyassumptionfromthemonopolisticcompetitionmodel:
●Collusivebehavior:
勾结行为
●Canraisetheprofitsofallfirmsattheexpenseofconsumers
●Maybemanagedthroughexplicitagreementsorthroughtacitcoordinationstrategies
●Strategicbehavior:
战略行为
●Isadoptedbyfirmstoaffectthebehaviorofcompetitorsinadesirableway
●Deterspotentialrivalsfromenteringanindustry
Themonopolisticcompetitionmodelcanbeusedtoshowhowtradeleadsto:
●Aloweraveragepriceduetoscaleeconomies
●Theavailabilityofagreatervarietyofgoodsduetoproductdifferentiation
●Importsandexportswithineachindustry（intra-industrytrade）
Maindifferencesbetweeninterindustryandintraindustrytrade:
●Interindustrytradereflectscomparativeadvantage,whereasintraindustrytradedoesnot.
●Thepatternofintraindustrytradeitselfisunpredictable,whereasthatofinterindustrytradeisdeterminedbyunderlyingdifferencesbetweencountries.
●Therelativeimportanceofintraindustryandinterindustrytradedependsonhowsimilarcountriesare.
Dumpingcanoccuronlyiftwoconditionsaremet:
●Imperfectlycompetitiveindustry
●Segmentedmarkets
ReciprocalDumping
●Asituationinwhichdumpingleadstotwo-waytradeinthesameproduct
●Itincreasesthevolumeoftradeingoodsthatarenotquiteidentical.
●Itsnetwelfareeffectisambiguous:
●Itwastesresourcesintransportation.
●Itcreatessomecompetition.
Therearethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreefficientthananindividualfirminisolation（Marshel）:
●Specializedsuppliers
●Labormarketpooling
●Knowledgespillovers
LaborMarketPooling
Aclusteroffirmscancreateapooledmarketforworkerswithhighlyspecializedskills.
●Itisanadvantagefor:
●Producers
●Theyarelesslikelytosufferfromlaborshortages.
●Workers
●Theyarelesslikelytobecomeunemployed.
Thespecializedknowledgethatiscrucialtosuccessininnovativeindustriescomesfrom:
●Researchanddevelopmentefforts
●Reverseengineering
●Informalexchangeofinformationandideas
规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易
●Economiesofscale:
internalorexternal.
●Tradeinthepresenceofeconomiesofscale
●Intra-industrytradebenefitsconsumers
●trademaybedividedintotwokinds
●Dumpingcanoccuriftwoconditionsaremet
●Externaleconomiesgiveanimportantroletohistoryandaccident
●Thereisarichdevelopmentoninternationaltheory.
Abig-airplanecompanyhasbeenbuiltupinShanghai,March,2008.Explaintheimplicationsintermsofdifferenttradetheories?
Acountrymaywanttomaximizenationalincome,possiblyattheexpenseofothercountries’incomes.
Thiscanbeaccomplishedby:
●•alteringthetermsoftradeinyourfavor（largecountry）,
●•protecting“infant”industries,
●•encouraginglearning-by-doing,and
●•earningpureprofitsthrough“strategic”tradepolicy.
Moderngovernmentsusuallyprefertoprotectdomesticindustriesthroughavarietyofnontariffbarriers,suchas:
●Importquotas
●Limitthequantityofimports
●Exportrestraints
●Limitthequantityofexports
Propertiesoftheimportdemandcurve:
●Itintersectstheverticalaxisattheclosedeconomypriceoftheimportingcountry.
●Itisdownwardsloping.
●Itisflatterthanthedomesticdemandcurveintheimportingcountry.
Propertiesoftheexportsupplycurve:
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