四六级写作要领Word文档格式.docx

四六级写作要领Word文档格式.docx

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4．

结尾句5.对段落进行归纳总结,与主题句相辅相

成；

Forexample:

Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.That’swhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.

二、发展段落常用的方法

六级统考中，作文的题材大多为论说文，适合于这中题材的段落发展方法主要有：

列举或举例法；

比较对比法；

因果法等.

1．列举或举例法

列举或举例法是段落发展的基本方法，用这种方法发展段落，首先要摆出论点（thetopicsentence）,然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述和解释，或用具体事例对其进行说明.如：

Televisionpresentsusavividworldinfrontofus.Forexample,TVcankeepusinformedofwhatishappeningthroughouttheworld.Foranotherexample,withaTVsetathome,wecanvisitagreatmanytouristattractionindifferentcountries.Besides,TVbringsvariousformsofentertainmentstoourhomessuchassportscompetitions,concerts.ThepicturesonTVlooksorealthatwefeelasiftheeventsweretakingplacerightbeforeoureyes.

[注]：

常用于列举或举例法的过渡连接语有：

foronething,foranother,forexample,foranotherexample;

tobeginwith,first,second,besides,inaddition,also,still,moreover,stillanother,finally,atlast,lastly;

试找出下列各主题句中的支配思想，然后按上述方法发展成一段约见50——80词的段落.

1．Increasingyourvocabularycanhelpyouinanumberofways.

2．Astohowtoreducecitypopulation,peoplehavedifferentopinions.

3．OfallthesubjectsthatIstudyinschool,IthinkthatEnglishisthemostimportantone.

4．Riversplayaveryimportantpartinourlife.

5．Smokingisabadhabit.

6．Travellingisakindofeducation.

7．Agooddictionarycaninsomesenseserveusasateacher.

8．Auniversitystudentcangetintouchwiththesocietyinseveralways.

2.比较——对比法Comparisonandcontrast

在有的作文测试中，要求考生对两者或三者同类的东西的优缺点进行阐述，并发表个人看法，这种作文要求考生在写作时用比较——对比法.比较对比法一般有两种模式：

（1）先叙述甲，再叙述乙，即：

A1,A2,A3;

B1,B2,B3…;

如：

Boththecityandthecountryhavetheirdisadvantages.Airpollutionisveryseriousinthecity.Moreover,itissocrowdedthatmanypeopledon’twanttogoout.Inthecountry,itisinconvenienttobuythings.Besides,peoplecanfindnowaytokillthelongandtediousnights.

（2）双方同时描述，逐点对比，即：

A1,B1;

A2,B2;

A3,B3;

如：

WaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentbetweenAmericaandJapan.Forexample,Americanseatwithknivesandforks;

Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Foranotherexample,Americanssay“Hi”whentheymeet;

Japanesebow.Besides,manyAmericansopendoorsforwomen;

Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface（superficially）,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan,infactthat’sjustthedifferentwaysofexpressinggoodmanners.

[注]：

常用于比较对比法的过渡连接词语有：

like,unlike,similarly,inthesameway,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,comparedwith/to,incontrastto,onthecontrary,but,although,whereas,however,while;

ExerciseTwo（Usingcomparisonandcontrastmethod）

1.Comparedwithcars,bicycleshavemanyadvantages;

2.Menandwomenareequalathomenow;

（3）CauseandEffect因果的方法扩展段落

主题句是所产生的影响或结果，然后提供产生的原因.

Therearethreereasonswhysolarenergyhasnotbeenmadeuseofverywidely.First,thecostforbuildingasolarpowerplantisveryhigh.Asaresult,theproductionofonewattofsolarenergyismoreexpensivethanthatofsteampowerornuclearpower.Second,natureplaysalargepartinthegenerationofsolarenergy.Whenitiscloudyorrainy,solarpowerplantcannotwork.Also,nosolarenergyisgeneratedatnight.Finally,therearenotenoughqualifiedtechnicalpersonneltorunsolarpowerplants.Forallthesereasons,solarenergyhasnotdevelopedonalargescaleinourcountry.

Exercise:

SeveralfactorshavecontributedtothedifficultyintravelinginChina

三、段落的写作步骤

段落写作之前

（1）首先要弄清主题句的支配思想；

（2）然后列出能直接说明主题思想的3——4个提纲点；

（3）最后将提纲点扩展成句；

（4）然后依照一定的段落发展方法，采用恰当的关联词组成段落.段落提纲写作的框架如下：

A扩展句

B扩展句

主题句C扩展句

D结尾句

例如：

Peopletakepartinsportsforvariousreasons.在这个主题句中，forvariousreasons是支配思想，是文章论述的焦点.列提纲如下：

Forvariousreasons:

A.tobegoodtohealth

B.makefriends

C.toenrichlife

过渡连接词可用：

Firstly,Secondly,Besides…

组成段落如下：

Peopletakepartinsportsforvariousreasons.Firstly,takingpartinsportsisgoodtoourhealth,whichcanmakeusveryhealthyandenergetic.Secondly,ifwealwaystakepartinsports,wewillfindourlifefullofcolorandnotsodull.Besides,sportsalsoservesanopportunityforustomakefriends,forexample,ifyoulikepingpang,youwillplaywiththosewhoalsolikeiteventhoughyoudon’tknoweachotheratfirst,byandbyyoucanmakegoodfriends.

Anotherexample:

主题句：

Inrecentyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.

在这个主题句中，greatchanges是主题，说明它的要点如下：

Greatchanges:

A.livingstandard

B.culturalandeducationalundertakings

C.environment

D.birthrate

选用合适的过渡连接词：

First,second,inaddition,finally…

选用合适的段落发展方法：

列举法

扩展成段落如下：

Inrecentyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.Thepeople’slivingstandardbothinthecityandinthecountryhasbeenraisedremarkably.Second,therehavebeenrapiddevelopmentsinculturalandeducationalundertakings.Inaddition,thegovernmenthasbeenpayingmuchattentiontotheenvironmentalandecologicalproblems.Finally,thebirthratealloverthecountryhasbeenputundercontrol.

小结：

段落写作的步骤可以概括如下：

分析主题句——找出支配思想——列出能直接说明支配思想的要点——将要点扩展成句——选用合适的过渡连接词——成段.

Exerciseswithsuggestedwordsandphrases:

1.InChina,bicycleisverypopularandiswelcomedbyalmosteveryone.Thereasonsareasfollows.

提示词：

cheap,goodexercise,keepfit,nopollution,noparkingspace;

2.Manypeoplenowprefertoliveinthecountryside.Themainreasonsare:

提示词:

freshair,unpollutednature,environment,quiet,peaceful;

3.WatchingTVathomeisbetterthangoingouttoamovie.

comfortable,convenient,savemoney,choiceofprograms,enjoy;

ExerciseOne:

列举、举例法练习答案：

1.Increasingyourvocabularycanhelpyouinanumberofways.Knowingsynonyms（同义词）,forexample,willenableyoutoavoidunnecessaryrepetitionsinyourcompositionsandthusmaketheminterestingtoread.Also,anincreasedvocabularywillmakeyourownreadingmoreenjoyable.Youwillfinditmucheasiertofollowtheideasinyourstorytextbookorthenewspaper.Furthermore,withalargevocabulary,youcantalkmorefreely.Whatevercompanyyouarein,youwillfindthatyouareabletoholdtheinterestofyourlisteners.Therefore,youmustenlargeyourvocabularyifyouwanttocommunicatewithothersmoreeffectively.

2.Astohowtoreducecitypopulation,peoplehavedifferentopinions.Somebelievethatweshouldpracticethepolicyoflatemarriageand“onecouple,onechild”.Whileothersthinkweshoulddevelopalawtoprohibitcountrypeoplefromflowingintothecity.Andstillothersproposethatatleasthalfofthecitypopulationshouldmovetosuburbsandsatellitetownsbebuiltthere.Thenthecitypopulationwillbegreatlyreducedandwillremainstableintheyearstocome..

3.Ofallthesubjectswestudyatschool,IthinkEnglishisthemostimportantone.First,mostofthebooksofscienceandtechnologypublishedtodayareinEnglish.Ifwewanttoreadthem,wemustknowEnglish.Secondly,Englishisspokenverywidely.Beingabletospeakitcanhelpustolearnmoreaboutforeignculturesandunderstandpeoplefromothercountriesbetter.Finally,withagoodknowledgeofEnglish,wecangetsgoodjobwhenwehavegraduatedfromtheuniversitybecauseEnglish,asaninternationallanguage,hasbeenusedasastandardlanguageinmanyfields.WemustpaymoreattentiontothestudyofEnglishandlearnitwell.

4.Riversplayaveryimportantpartinourlife.Tobeginwith,insummer,wecanswiminriversand,inwinter,wecanskateonthem.Secondly,theyaddbeautyandcoolnesstotheenvironment.Besides,riverwaterprovidepowerformakingelectricity.Furthermore,weirrigatecropswithriverwater.Finally,riversgiveusfishtoeatandwatertodrink.Clearly,riversareveryimportantinourearth’secology.

5.Smokingisabadhabit.Firstly,doctorsandscientistshavefoundthatitisharmfultothesmoker’shealth.Itmaycausediseasessuchashearttroubleorlungcancer.Cigarettesmokewillpollutetheairandaffectother’shealthtoo.Secondly,manybigfireshavebeencausedbycarelesssmokers.Thesehaveresultedingreatlossesoflivesandproperties.Besides,cigarettesareusuallyveryexpressiveandsmokershavetospendalotofmoneyonthemeveryyear.Sopeoplemustgiveupsmoking.

6.Travelingisakindofeducation.Forexample,visitingplacesofhistoricinterestcanenrichyourknowledgeofhistory.Inaddition,whiletraveling,youcanlearnaboutmanyformsandarchitecturesdifferentformyourown.Inthisway,youcanbroadenyourhorizon.Finally,travelingmayofferyouanopportunitytogettoknowpeopleofdifferentcultures__theirlives,customs,beliefs,etc.sothatwemayunderstandthembetter.Nowonder,travelinghasbecomemoreandmorepopularallovertheworld.

7.Agooddictionarycaninsomesenseservesusasateacher.Itcantellyouthewayawordispronounced.Itcanalsotellyouthemeaningormeaningsoftheword.Agooddictionaryoftenprovidesthecontextinwhichthewordistested.Inaddition,thereisreferenceorcross-referencebywhichonewordisreferredtoanother.Andtherephrasesofwhichthewordformsapart.

8.Today’suniversitystudentscanmakecontactwiththesocietyinvariousways.Onthecampus,socialknowledgeisavailableintextbookandthecontractwithfollowstudents,teachersandfriends,forauniversityisamini-natureofthesociety.Ifstudentswalkoutofcampus,theycangetd